Changes in Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Bacterial Communities and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Response to Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Experimental Design
2.2. Sampling and Physicochemical Analyses
2.3. DNA Extraction and qPCR
2.4. Illumina Miseq Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Parameters, PNA, Yield of Wheats, and NUE
3.2. Community Abundances of AOA and AOB
3.3. Richness and Diversity of AOA and AOB
3.4. AOA and AOB Community
3.5. Network Associations among OTUs of AOB Species
3.6. Correlation of Ammonia-Oxidizing Communities with the Soil Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of N Fertilization on AOA and AOB Abundances
4.2. Composition of AOA and AOB
4.3. Relationships between Soil Properties and AOA and AOB Communities
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | pH | TN (g kg−1) | NH4-N (mg kg−1) | NO3-N (mg kg−1) | TP (g kg−1) | AP (mg kg−1) | SM (%) | PNA (mg NO3-N kg−1 ha−1) | GY (kg ha−1) | NUE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | 8.99 ± 0.04a | 0.91 ± 0.04a | 10.96 ± 0.13b | 12.92 ± 0.10e | 0.74 ± 0.03a | 18.16 ± 1.19b | 12.13 ± 0.75a | 1.22 ± 0.04c | 2696.65 ± 107.12c | - |
N52.5 | 8.81 ± 0.02b | 0.95 ± 0.11a | 11.06 ± 0.45b | 16.23 ± 0.45d | 0.82 ± 0.07a | 19.99 ± 0.45b | 12.07 ± 0.38a | 1.69 ± 0.12b | 3270.2 ± 144.94b | 19.64 ± 2.4a |
N105 | 8.72 ± 0.02bc | 1.05 ± 0.02a | 11.62 ± 1.32b | 21.42 ± 0.52c | 0.88 ± 0.05a | 22.39 ± 0.17a | 11.98 ± 0.22a | 2.32 ± 0.15a | 4007.88 ± 158.98a | 19.07 ± 0.56a |
N157.5 | 8.67 ± 0.01c | 1.01 ± 0.03a | 16.47 ± 0.21a | 30.07 ± 0.56b | 0.88 ± 0.07a | 19.84 ± 0.57b | 11.4 ± 0.41a | 1.75 ± 0.12b | 4675.52 ± 33.67a | 16.3 ± 0.73ab |
N210 | 8.68 ± 0.04c | 0.96 ± 0.01a | 17.01 ± 0.32a | 35.64 ± 0.35a | 0.87 ± 0.06a | 20.15 ± 0.69b | 11.23 ± 0.65a | 1.79 ± 0.14b | 4209.77 ± 156.71a | 13.61 ± 0.68b |
ANOVA p-value | 0.002 | 0.410 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.417 | 0.032 | 0.647 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.042 |
pH | TN | NH4-N | NO3-N | TP | AP | SM | GY | NUE | PNA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOA | 0.900 ** | −0.348 | −0.728 ** | −0.863 ** | −0.490 | −0.470 | 0.320 | −0.893 ** | 0.895 ** | −0.580 * |
AOB | −0.802 ** | 0.563 * | 0.443 | 0.605 * | 0.515 * | 0.661 ** | −0.225 | 0.860 ** | −0.661 ** | 0.787 ** |
AOA/AOB | 0.888 ** | −0.412 | −0.596 * | −0.763 ** | −0.513 | −0.573 * | 0.273 | −0.868 ** | 0.872 ** | −0.685 ** |
PNA | −0.480 | 0.660 ** | 0.328 | 0.674 ** | 0.320 | 0.135 | −0.015 | 0.758 ** | −0.479 | - |
Item | Alpha Index | pH | TN | NH4-N | NO3-N | TP | AP | SM | PNA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOA | Chao1 | −0.554 * | 0.128 | 0.450 | 0.589 * | −0.112 | 0.284 | −0.463 | 0.080 |
Simpson | 0.524 * | −0.323 | −0.254 | −0.330 | −0.328 | −0.665 ** | 0.088 | −0.700 ** | |
Shannon | 0.510 | −0.297 | −0.236 | −0.309 | −0.387 | −0.688 ** | 0.031 | −0.713 ** | |
Pielou_e | 0.474 | −0.222 | −0.262 | −0.335 | −0.219 | −0.639 * | 0.122 | −0.623 * | |
Observed species | −0.545 * | 0.157 | 0.715 ** | 0.696 ** | 0.165 | 0.162 | −0.386 | 0.023 | |
AOB | Chao1 | −0.304 | 0.327 | −0.189 | −0.095 | 0.396 | 0.715 ** | 0.166 | 0.703 ** |
Simpson | 0.412 | 0.087 | −0.711 ** | −0.616 * | 0.188 | 0.058 | 0.144 | 0.357 | |
Shannon | 0.062 | 0.422 | −0.529 * | −0.448 | 0.157 | 0.282 | 0.111 | 0.535 * | |
Pielou_e | 0.530 * | −0.186 | −0.578 * | −0.497 | 0.299 | −0.182 | 0.206 | 0.241 | |
Observed species | −0.420 | 0.618 * | −0.149 | −0.095 | 0.036 | 0.547 * | 0.067 | 0.488 |
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Xu, A.; Li, L.; Xie, J.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Zhang, R.; Luo, Z.; Cai, L.; Liu, C.; Wang, L.; Anwar, S.; et al. Changes in Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Bacterial Communities and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Response to Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052732
Xu A, Li L, Xie J, Gopalakrishnan S, Zhang R, Luo Z, Cai L, Liu C, Wang L, Anwar S, et al. Changes in Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Bacterial Communities and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Response to Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052732
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Aixia, Lingling Li, Junhong Xie, Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan, Renzhi Zhang, Zhuzhu Luo, Liqun Cai, Chang Liu, Linlin Wang, Sumera Anwar, and et al. 2022. "Changes in Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Bacterial Communities and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Response to Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052732