Effectiveness of an Integrated Nutrition Rehabilitation on Growth and Development of Children under Five Post 2018 Earthquake in East Lombok, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Sample Size and Sampling
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Ethics and Informed Consent
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Intervention (N = 240) | Comparison (N = 240) | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Type of family: nuclear | 147 | 61.3 | 178 | 74.2 | 0.002 |
Father’s education | 0.640 | ||||
| 24 | 10.2 | 27 | 11.4 | |
| 61 | 25.5 | 71 | 29.7 | |
| 61 | 25.5 | 64 | 26.5 | |
| 72 | 30.1 | 57 | 23.7 | |
| 21 | 8.8 | 21 | 8.7 | |
Mother’s education | 0.008 | ||||
| 10 | 4.3 | 30 | 12.5 | |
| 64 | 26.7 | 70 | 29.3 | |
| 77 | 31.9 | 77 | 31.9 | |
| 61 | 25.4 | 41 | 17.2 | |
| 28 | 11.6 | 22 | 9.1 | |
Stay at refugee camp after the earthquake | 181 | 75.4 | 192 | 80.0 | 0.228 |
Still stay at the refugee camp at baseline | 11 | 4.6 | 12 | 5.0 | 0.482 |
House broken down after the earthquake | 86 | 35.2 | 140 | 58.3 | <0.001 |
Public facility around is unusable | 46 | 19.2 | 50 | 20.8 | 0.648 |
There are fatalities from family members | 3 | 1.3 | 8 | 3.3 | 0.127 |
There are injured family members | 11 | 4.6 | 7 | 2.9 | 0.337 |
Feeling traumatic | 221 | 92.1 | 217 | 90.4 | 0.518 |
Difficulties in accessing food and basic needs | 66 | 27.5 | 73 | 30.4 | 0.481 |
Difficulties in accessing health service, education and place of worship | 11 | 4.6 | 44 | 18.3 | <0.001 |
Breastfeed child at refugee camp 2 | 70 | 95.9 | 66 | 75.0 | 0.484 |
Stop breastfeed child because of the earthquake 2 | 2 | 2.7 | 4 | 4.5 | 0.581 |
Toilet facility | 0.106 | ||||
| 193 | 80.4 | 172 | 71.7 | |
| 19 | 7.9 | 29 | 12.1 | |
| 27 | 11.3 | 35 | 14.6 | |
| 1 | 0.4 | 4 | 1.7 | |
Source of drinking water | <0.001 | ||||
| 3 | 1.3 | 9 | 3.8 | |
| 75 | 31.3 | 39 | 16.3 | |
| 151 | 62.9 | 115 | 47.9 | |
| 6 | 2.5 | 74 | 30.8 | |
| 5 | 2.1 | 3 | 1.3 |
Variable | Intervention (N= 200) | Control (N= 215) | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Dietary diversity score 3 | |||
Baseline | 5 (3–7.0) | 5 (3–6) | 0.065 |
End line | 7 (6–9) | 6 (5–8) | 0.003 |
Animal protein | |||
Baseline | 7 (3–13) | 7 (5–10) | 0.559 |
End line | 14 (9–18) | 12 (8–17) | 0.060 |
Eggs | |||
Baseline | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 0.994 |
End line | 3 (2–7) | 3 (2–6) | 0.021 |
Liver | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.380 |
End line | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | <0.001 |
Poultry | |||
Baseline | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.396 |
End line | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.010 |
Fish | |||
Baseline | 2 (0–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.121 |
End line | 3.5 (2–5) | 4 (1–6) | 0.806 |
Small fish with bone | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–0.75) | 0 (0–0) | 0.065 |
End line | 1.5 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0.663 |
Red meats | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.533 |
End line | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.343 |
Seafoods | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.294 |
End line | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.056 |
Plant protein | |||
Baseline | 4 (1–1.75) | 4 (2–7) | 0.934 |
End line | 6 (4–9) | 5 (3–8) | 0.208 |
Tahu/Tempe | |||
Baseline | 3 (1–7) | 3 (2–5) | 0.799 |
End line | 4 (3–7) | 4 (2–7) | 0.253 |
Legumes | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–1) | 0.007 |
End line | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.499 |
Vegetables | |||
Baseline | 5 (3–7) | 7 (4–8) | 0.014 |
End line | 7 (5–14) | 7 (4–10) | 0.040 |
Dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) | |||
Baseline | 3 (2–7) | 5 (3–7) | 0.016 |
End line | 4.5 (3–7) | 4 (3–7) | 0.158 |
Other vegetables | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.008 |
End line | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.779 |
Fruits | |||
Baseline | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.472 |
End line | 5 (3–7) | 4 (2–7) | 0.422 |
Red/orange fruits | |||
Baseline | 2 (0–3) | 1 (1–3) | 0.879 |
End line | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 0.317 |
Other fruits | |||
Baseline | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.114 |
End line | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.884 |
Milk and milk products | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–1) | <0.001 |
End line | 2 (0–6) | 2 (0–5) | 0.512 |
Fortified biscuits | |||
Baseline | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 |
End line | 3 (2–7) | 3 (1–6) | 0.256 |
Characteristics | Intervention (N = 200) | Comparison (N = 215) | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Diarrhea | |||||
Baseline | 38 | 19.0 | 25 | 11.6 | 0.037 |
End line | 20 | 10.0 | 20 | 9.3 | 0.810 |
Fever | |||||
Baseline | 115 | 57.5 | 107 | 49.8 | 0.115 |
End line | 92 | 46.0 | 102 | 47.4 | 0.769 |
Cough | |||||
Baseline | 132 | 66.0 | 114 | 53.0 | 0.007 |
End line | 92 | 46.0 | 130 | 60.5 | 0.003 |
Runny nose | |||||
Baseline | 153 | 76.5 | 127 | 59.1 | <0.001 |
End line | 130 | 65.0 | 139 | 64.7 | 0.941 |
Characteristics | Baseline | Endline | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Intervention (N = 200) | Control (N = 215) | p-Value 2 | Intervention (N = 200) | Control (N = 215) | p-Value 4 | |
WAZ | |||||||
6–23 months | 170 | −0.94 ± 1.01 | −1.02 ± 1.07 | 0.509 3 | −1.37 ± 0.86 | −1.32 ± 1.06 | 0.047 |
≥24 months | 245 | −1.56 ± 0.90 | −1.76 ± 0.76 | 0.112 3 | −1.39 ± 0.94 | −1.58 ± 0.80 | 0.024 |
All | 415 | −1.32 ± 0.99 | −1.45 ± 0.98 | 0.184 3 | −1.38 ± 0.90 | −1.47 ± 0.93 | 0.535 |
WHZ | |||||||
6–23 months | 170 | −0.66 ± 1.01 | −0.64 ± 1.07 | 0.537 3 | −0.89 ± 0.96 | −0.84 ± 1.03 | 0.295 |
≥24 months | 245 | −0.88 ± 0.83 | −0.99 ± 0.90 | 0.493 3 | −0.61 ± 0.96 | −0.72 ± 0.97 | 0.474 |
All | 415 | −0.79 ± 0.91 | −0.84 ± 0.99 | 0.620 3 | −0.72 ± 0.97 | −0.77 ± 0.99 | 0.899 |
HAZ | |||||||
6–23 months | 170 | −0.49 (−1.43, 0.08) | −1.13 (−1.67, −0.25) | 0.072 | −1.36 (−1.88, −0.76) | −1.53 (−2.23, −1.01) | 0.159 |
≥24 months | 245 | −1.75 (−2.34, −1.01) | −1.89 (−2.51, −1.44) | 0.057 | −1.75 (−2.28, −1.08) | −1.88 (−2.42, −1.38) | 0.047 |
All | 415 | −1.42 (−2.14, −0.44) | −1.61 (−2.17, −0.95) | 0.044 | −1.58 (−2.23, −0.90) | −1.72 (−2.33, −1.23) | 0.247 |
Hemoglobin level | |||||||
6–23 months | 170 | 9.5 (8.5. 10.1) | 9.3 (8.1. 10.0) | 0.215 | 9.7 (8.8. 10.6) | 9.7 (9.2 10.4) | 0.538 |
≥24 months | 245 | 10.6 (10.1. 11.3) | 10.5 (9.8. 11.3) | 0.412 | 11.1 (10.3. 11.7) | 11 (10.1. 11.6) | 0.286 |
All | 415 | 10.3 (9.3. 11.0) | 9.8 (9.0. 10.8) | 0.071 | 10.8 (9.7. 11.4) | 10.4 (9.6. 11.3) | 0.617 |
Underweight | |||||||
6–23 months | 12 (15.4) | 20 (21.7) | 0.291 | 19 (24.4) | 25 (27.2) | 0.751 | |
≥24 months | 40 (32.8) | 45 (36.6) | 0.532 | 35 (28.7) | 40 (32.5) | 0.704 | |
All | 52 (26) | 65 (30.2) | 0.338 | 54 (27) | 65 (30.2) | 0.900 | |
Wasting | |||||||
6–23 months | 10 (12.8) | 13 (14.1) | 0.803 | 9 (11.5) | 12 (13) | 0.837 | |
≥24 months | 9 (7.4) | 16 (13) | 0.981 | 9 (7.4) | 9 (7.3) | 0.566 | |
All | 19 (9.5) | 29 (13.5) | 0.204 | 18 (9) | 21 (9.8) | 0.746 | |
Stunted | |||||||
6–23 months | 9 (11.5) | 12 (13) | 0.766 | 18 (23.1) | 27 (29.3) | 0.607 | |
≥24 months | 46 (37.7) | 57 (46.3) | 0.171 | 43 (35.2) | 52 (42.3) | 0.136 | |
All | 55 (27.5) | 69 (32.1) | 0.307 | 61 (30.5) | 79 (36.7) | 0.103 | |
Anemia | |||||||
6–23 months | 71 (91) | 90 (97.8) | 0.048 | 64 (82.1) | 81 (88) | 0.272 | |
≥24 months | 77 (63.1) | 78 (63.4) | 0.961 | 55 (45.1) | 60 (48.8) | 0.562 | |
All | 148 (74) | 168 (78.1) | 0.323 | 119 (59.5) | 141 (65.6) | 0.134 |
Characteristics | Baseline | Endline | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Intervention (N = 200) | Control (N = 215) | p-Value 2 | Intervention (N = 200) | Control (N = 215) | p-Value 3 | |
SRQ Score | |||||||
6–23 months | 170 | 6 (4, 9) | 5 (3, 7) | 0.012 | 5 (2.75, 7) | 5 (3, 8) | 0.955 |
≥24 months | 245 | 6 (4, 9) | 5 (4, 8) | 0.027 | 4 (3, 7) | 4 (3, 8) | 0.490 |
All | 415 | 6 (4, 9) | 5 (3, 7) | <0.001 | 5 (3, 7) | 5 (3, 8) | 0.546 |
HOME Score | |||||||
6–23 months | 167 | 23 (21, 25) | 24 (20, 27) | 0.578 | 28 (24.2, 32) | 27 (24, 31) | 0.393 |
≥24 months | 16 | 24 (21, 27) | 24 (21, 27) | 0.644 | 27 (26, 34) | 28 (23.5, 32) | 0.456 |
All | 183 | 24 (21, 27) | 24 (20, 27) | 0.932 | 28 (25, 32) | 27 (24, 31) | 0.215 |
BSID: adaptive behavior score | |||||||
6–23 months | 150 | 94.27 (88.55, 99.99) | 99.74 (94.8, 104.99) | 0.177 | |||
≥24 months | 63 | 94.60 (84.41, 104.79) | 86.01 (77.2, 94.78) | 0.216 | |||
All | 213 | 94.28 (89.21, 99.34) | 95.59 (91.02, 100.16) | 0.712 | |||
BSID: cognitive score | |||||||
6–23 months | 152 | 97.19 (92.04, 102.33) | 92.89 (88.09, 97.69) | 0.242 | |||
≥24 months | 64 | 95.61 (89.84, 101.38) | 94.38 (89.32, 99.43) | 0.754 | |||
All | 216 | 96.66 (92.7, 100.59) | 93.42 (89.82, 97.02) | 0.242 | |||
BSID: language score | |||||||
6–23 months | 152 | 85.73 (81.84, 89.63) | 82.37 (78.74, 86.01) | 0.228 | |||
≥24 months | 64 | 93.42 (87.52, 99.32) | 89.50 (84.33, 94.67) | 0.333 | |||
All | 216 | 87.76 (84.49, 91.02) | 84.69 (81.70, 87.68) | 0.183 | |||
BSID: motoric score | |||||||
6–23 months | 152 | 92.41 (89.11, 95.70) | 88.01 (84.93, 91.08) | 0.063 | |||
≥24 months | 64 | 97.50 (90.93, 104.07) | 96.27 (90.51, 102.03) | 0.784 | |||
All | 216 | 93.82 (90.82, 96.82) | 90.57 (87.82, 93.32) | 0.124 | |||
BSID: social emotional score | |||||||
6–23 months | 150 | 87.90 (83.76, 92.03) | 90.73 (86.93, 94.53) | 0.333 | |||
≥24 months | 63 | 95.94 (89.51, 101.93) | 85.26 (80.10, 90.42) | 0.010 | |||
All | 213 | 90.26 (86.82, 93.70) | 88.97 (85.86, 92.07) | 0.589 |
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Fahmida, U.; Hidayat, A.T.; Oka, A.A.S.I.; Suciyanti, D.; Pathurrahman, P.; Wangge, G. Effectiveness of an Integrated Nutrition Rehabilitation on Growth and Development of Children under Five Post 2018 Earthquake in East Lombok, Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052814
Fahmida U, Hidayat AT, Oka AASI, Suciyanti D, Pathurrahman P, Wangge G. Effectiveness of an Integrated Nutrition Rehabilitation on Growth and Development of Children under Five Post 2018 Earthquake in East Lombok, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052814
Chicago/Turabian StyleFahmida, Umi, Ahmad Thohir Hidayat, Anak Agung Sagung Indriani Oka, Dini Suciyanti, Pathurrahman Pathurrahman, and Grace Wangge. 2022. "Effectiveness of an Integrated Nutrition Rehabilitation on Growth and Development of Children under Five Post 2018 Earthquake in East Lombok, Indonesia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052814