Subjective Changes in Tobacco Product Use among Korean Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics and Tobacco Use of Respondents
3.2. Change in Usage Stratified by Tobacco Product
3.3. Factors Affecting the Change in Usage of Tobacco Products
4. Discussion
4.1. General Discussion
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Male (n = 472) | Female (n = 356) | p-Value † | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Age group | 0.971 | |||||
20–29 | 92 | 19.5 | 66 | 18.5 | ||
30–39 | 96 | 20.3 | 74 | 20.8 | ||
40–49 | 117 | 24.8 | 83 | 23.3 | ||
50–59 | 101 | 21.4 | 80 | 22.5 | ||
60–69 | 66 | 14.0 | 53 | 14.9 | ||
Region | 0.547 | |||||
Metropolitan | 230 | 48.7 | 181 | 50.8 | ||
Non-metropolitan | 242 | 51.3 | 175 | 49.2 | ||
Education | 0.003 | |||||
Below high school graduate | 83 | 17.6 | 90 | 25.3 | ||
College graduate | 347 | 73.5 | 250 | 70.2 | ||
Higher than college graduate | 42 | 8.9 | 16 | 4.5 | ||
Monthly income | 0.020 | |||||
Less than KRW 3 million | 91 | 19.3 | 97 | 27.2 | ||
KRW 3 to 5 million | 181 | 38.3 | 107 | 30.1 | ||
KRW 5 to 7 million | 115 | 24.4 | 91 | 25.6 | ||
KRW 7 million or higher | 85 | 18.0 | 61 | 17.1 | ||
Occupation | <0.001 | |||||
Manager | 51 | 10.8 | 22 | 6.2 | ||
Office worker | 245 | 51.9 | 172 | 48.3 | ||
Service/Labor worker | 114 | 24.2 | 77 | 21.6 | ||
Other | 62 | 13.1 | 85 | 23.9 | ||
Living arrangement | 0.522 | |||||
Living with family | 298 | 63.1 | 217 | 61.0 | ||
Living alone | 174 | 36.9 | 139 | 39.0 | ||
Current tobacco product use | 0.069 | |||||
Single users | 249 | 52.8 | 198 | 55.6 | ||
Smoker (cigarettes) | 208 | 44.1 | 151 | 42.4 | ||
HTPs | 32 | 6.8 | 29 | 8.1 | ||
E-cigarettes | 9 | 1.9 | 18 | 5.1 | ||
Dual users | 164 | 34.7 | 119 | 33.4 | ||
Cigarettes + HTPs | 129 | 27.3 | 85 | 23.9 | ||
Cigarettes + e-cigarettes | 33 | 7.0 | 28 | 7.9 | ||
HTPs + e-cigarettes | 2 | 0.4 | 6 | 1.7 | ||
Triple users | ||||||
Cigarettes + HTPs + e-cigarettes | 59 | 12.5 | 39 | 11.0 |
Increased | Decreased | No Change | p-Value † | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Male | Use of cigarettes (n = 429) | 122 | 28.4 | 106 | 24.7 | 201 | 46.9 | 0.001 |
single user (n = 208) | 46 | 22.1 | 55 | 26.4 | 107 | 51.4 | ||
dual user (n = 162) | 46 | 28.4 | 41 | 25.3 | 75 | 46.3 | ||
triple user (n = 59) | 30 | 50.8 | 10 | 16.9 | 19 | 32.2 | ||
Use of HTPs (n = 222) | 71 | 32.0 | 48 | 21.6 | 103 | 46.4 | 0.142 | |
single user (n = 32) | 6 | 18.8 | 8 | 25.0 | 18 | 56.3 | ||
dual user (n = 131) | 39 | 29.8 | 29 | 22.1 | 63 | 48.1 | ||
triple user (n = 59) | 26 | 44.1 | 11 | 18.6 | 22 | 37.3 | ||
Use of e-cigarettes (n = 103) | 41 | 39.8 | 28 | 27.2 | 34 | 33.0 | 0.923 | |
single user (n = 9) | 3 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | ||
dual user (n = 35) | 13 | 37.1 | 11 | 31.4 | 11 | 31.4 | ||
triple user (n = 59) | 25 | 42.4 | 14 | 23.7 | 20 | 33.9 | ||
Female | Use of cigarettes (n = 303) | 85 | 28.1 | 91 | 30.0 | 127 | 41.9 | 0.001 |
single user (n = 151) | 35 | 23.2 | 51 | 33.8 | 65 | 43.0 | ||
dual user (n = 113) | 28 | 24.8 | 35 | 31.0 | 50 | 44.2 | ||
triple user (n = 39) | 22 | 56.4 | 5 | 12.8 | 12 | 30.8 | ||
Use of HTPs (n = 159) | 46 | 28.9 | 55 | 34.6 | 58 | 36.5 | 0.143 | |
single user (n = 29) | 8 | 27.6 | 8 | 27.6 | 13 | 44.8 | ||
dual user (n = 91) | 21 | 23.1 | 35 | 38.5 | 35 | 38.5 | ||
triple user (n = 39) | 17 | 43.6 | 12 | 30.8 | 10 | 25.6 | ||
Use of e-cigarettes (n = 91) | 26 | 28.6 | 34 | 37.4 | 31 | 34.1 | 0.53 | |
single user (n = 18) | 6 | 33.3 | 9 | 50.0 | 3 | 16.7 | ||
dual user (n = 34) | 9 | 26.5 | 12 | 35.3 | 13 | 38.2 | ||
triple user (n = 39) | 11 | 28.2 | 13 | 33.3 | 15 | 38.5 |
Variables | Cigarettes | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increased | Decreased | ||||||||||||
OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR | (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | 0.91 | (0.64–1.29) | 0.59 | 0.90 | (0.62–1.32) | 0.60 | 0.74 | (0.52–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.72 | (0.50–1.04) | 0.08 | |
Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Age group | |||||||||||||
20–29 | 4.44 | (2.14–9.24) | <0.001 | 3.69 | (1.70–8.03) | <0.001 | 0.92 | (0.51–1.65) | 0.77 | 1.08 | (0.58–2.03) | 0.81 | |
30–39 | 4.47 | (2.17–9.25) | <0.001 | 3.44 | (1.59–7.44) | <0.001 | 0.79 | (0.44–1.43) | 0.44 | 0.79 | (0.42–1.50) | 0.47 | |
40–49 | 3.21 | (1.58–6.54) | <0.001 | 2.51 | (1.20–5.29) | 0.02 | 0.83 | (0.49–1.43) | 0.51 | 0.76 | (0.43–1.35) | 0.35 | |
50–59 | 2.90 | (1.41–5.96) | <0.001 | 2.60 | (1.23–5.49) | 0.01 | 0.97 | (0.57–1.66) | 0.90 | 0.96 | (0.55–1.69) | 0.90 | |
60–69 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Region | |||||||||||||
Metropolitan | 1.17 | (0.82–1.65) | 0.39 | 1.05 | (0.72–1.53) | 0.80 | 0.95 | (0.67–1.36) | 0.80 | 1.01 | (0.70–1.47) | 0.94 | |
Non-metropolitan | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Education | |||||||||||||
Below high school graduate | 0.92 | (0.42–2.01) | 0.83 | 0.74 | (0.30–1.82) | 0.51 | 0.97 | (0.44–2.10) | 0.93 | 0.64 | (0.27–1.53) | 0.32 | |
College graduate | 1.20 | (0.59–2.43) | 0.62 | 0.81 | (0.37–1.76) | 0.59 | 1.10 | (0.54–2.25) | 0.79 | 0.95 | (0.45–2.03) | 0.90 | |
Above college graduate | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Monthly income | |||||||||||||
Less than KRW 3 million | 2.05 | (1.15–3.65) | 0.02 | 2.05 | (1.07–3.95) | 0.03 | 1.25 | (0.72–2.17) | 0.43 | 1.36 | (0.74–2.52) | 0.33 | |
KRW 3 to 5 million | 1.27 | (0.73–2.20) | 0.39 | 1.14 | (0.63–2.05) | 0.67 | 1.08 | (0.66–1.77) | 0.76 | 1.10 | (0.65–1.87) | 0.73 | |
KRW 5 to 7 million | 2.17 | (1.23–3.81) | 0.01 | 1.93 | (1.06–3.51) | 0.03 | 0.89 | (0.51–1.56) | 0.68 | 0.93 | (0.52–1.69) | 0.82 | |
KRW 7 million or higher | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Occupation | |||||||||||||
Manager | 0.77 | (0.36–1.66) | 0.50 | 0.79 | (0.34–1.87) | 0.60 | 0.82 | (0.41–1.64) | 0.57 | 0.89 | (0.41–1.91) | 0.76 | |
Office worker | 1.55 | (0.09–2.55) | 0.08 | 1.26 | (0.71–2.23) | 0.43 | 0.87 | (0.54–1.41) | 0.57 | 0.96 | (0.56–1.65) | 0.89 | |
Service/Labor worker | 1.29 | (0.73–2.27) | 0.39 | 1.32 | (0.72–2.43) | 0.37 | 1.16 | (0.68–1.98) | 0.59 | 1.36 | (0.78–2.38) | 0.28 | |
Other | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Living arrangement | |||||||||||||
Living with family | 1.09 | (0.76–1.56) | 0.63 | 1.22 | (0.82–1.81) | 0.33 | 1.50 | (1.03–2.18) | 0.03 | 1.63 | (1.09–2.42) | 0.02 | |
Living alone | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
Tobacco product | |||||||||||||
Triple use | 3.56 | (2.12–5.98) | <0.001 | 2.92 | (1.67–5.08) | 0.00 | 0.79 | (0.41–1.52) | 0.47 | 0.77 | (0.39–1.53) | 0.46 | |
Dual use | 1.26 | (0.85–1.86) | 0.25 | 1.22 | (0.81–1.84) | 0.34 | 0.99 | (0.68–1.43) | 0.94 | 0.96 | (0.65–1.42) | 0.86 | |
Single use | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Variables | Heated Tobacco Products | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increased | Decreased | ||||||||||||
OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR | (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | 0.87 | (0.53–1.42) | 0.58 | 0.78 | (0.46–1.32) | 0.35 | 0.49 | (0.30–0.81) | 0.01 | 0.44 | (0.26–0.76) | 0.00 | |
Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Age group | |||||||||||||
20–29 | 2.44 | (0.92–6.46) | 0.07 | 2.13 | (0.74–6.12) | 0.16 | 0.80 | (0.36–1.76) | 0.58 | 1.01 | (0.41–2.50) | 0.98 | |
30–39 | 4.20 | (1.60–11.05) | <0.001 | 4.18 | (1.47–11.86) | 0.01 | 0.73 | (0.32–1.69) | 0.47 | 0.85 | (0.33–2.16) | 0.73 | |
40–49 | 2.95 | (1.12–7.78) | 0.03 | 3.23 | (1.14–9.18) | 0.03 | 0.84 | (0.38–1.86) | 0.67 | 0.93 | (0.38–2.28) | 0.88 | |
50–59 | 1.50 | (0.53–4.29) | 0.45 | 1.51 | (0.51–4.49) | 0.46 | 0.71 | (0.31–1.64) | 0.42 | 0.77 | (0.32–1.90) | 0.58 | |
60–69 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Region | |||||||||||||
Metropolitan | 1.19 | (0.74–1.93) | 0.47 | 1.03 | (0.61–1.73) | 0.93 | 0.67 | (0.41–1.10) | 0.11 | 0.69 | (0.40–1.18) | 0.18 | |
Non-metropolitan | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Education | |||||||||||||
Below high school graduate | 0.66 | (0.24–1.82) | 0.42 | 0.52 | (0.15–1.80) | 0.30 | 0.89 | (0.29–2.77) | 0.85 | 0.42 | (0.11–1.62) | 0.21 | |
College graduate | 0.89 | (0.38–2.08) | 0.79 | 0.61 | (0.24–1.57) | 0.31 | 1.27 | (0.49–3.33) | 0.62 | 0.94 | (0.33–2.72) | 0.91 | |
Above college graduate | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Monthly income | |||||||||||||
Less than KRW 3 million | 1.19 | (0.55–2.60) | 0.66 | 0.90 | (0.35–2.29) | 0.82 | 1.75 | (0.76–4.01) | 0.19 | 2.09 | (0.79–5.55) | 0.14 | |
KRW 3 to 5 million | 1.12 | (0.57–2.20) | 0.74 | 0.84 | (0.39–1.78) | 0.65 | 1.86 | (0.90–3.84) | 0.09 | 2.43 | (1.08–5.47) | 0.03 | |
KRW 5 to 7 million | 1.30 | (0.65–2.60) | 0.46 | 1.00 | (0.47–2.12) | 1.00 | 1.27 | (0.58–2.79) | 0.55 | 1.43 | (0.61–3.34) | 0.41 | |
KRW 7 million or higher | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Occupation | |||||||||||||
Manager | 0.77 | (0.25–2.42) | 0.65 | 0.55 | (0.15–2.02) | 0.37 | 0.84 | (0.30–2.37) | 0.74 | 1.23 | (0.37–4.10) | 0.74 | |
Office worker | 1.24 | (0.58–2.64) | 0.58 | 0.84 | (0.35–2.00) | 0.69 | 0.67 | (0.32–1.38) | 0.27 | 0.62 | (0.27–1.45) | 0.27 | |
Service/Labor worker | 0.97 | (0.39–2.41) | 0.96 | 0.83 | (0.32–2.19) | 0.71 | 0.82 | (0.35–1.93) | 0.66 | 0.81 | (0.32–2.03) | 0.66 | |
Other | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Living arrangement | |||||||||||||
Living with family | 0.82 | (0.50–1.33) | 0.42 | 0.75 | (0.42–1.32) | 0.32 | 1.54 | (0.89–2.66) | 0.12 | 1.64 | (0.88–3.03) | 0.12 | |
Living alone | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Tobacco product | |||||||||||||
Triple use | 2.98 | (1.37–6.49) | 0.01 | 3.31 | (1.48–7.40) | 0.00 | 1.39 | (0.62–3.12) | 0.42 | 1.39 | (0.60–3.23) | 0.45 | |
Dual use | 1.36 | (0.67–2.75) | 0.40 | 1.78 | (0.85–3.73) | 0.13 | 1.27 | (0.64–2.50) | 0.50 | 1.29 | (0.63–2.67) | 0.49 | |
Single use | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Variables | E-cigarettes | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increased | Decreased | ||||||||||||
OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | Aor | (95% CI) | p-Value | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | Aor | (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | 1.44 | (0.72–2.87) | 0.30 | 1.50 | (0.67–3.33) | 0.32 | 0.75 | (0.37–1.51) | 0.42 | 0.72 | (0.31–1.65) | 0.44 | |
Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Age group | |||||||||||||
20–29 | 2.13 | (0.18–26.03) | 0.55 | 1.41 | (0.10–20.42) | 0.80 | 0.30 | (0.06–1.63) | 0.16 | 0.17 | (0.03–1.14) | 0.07 | |
30–39 | 1.67 | (0.14–19.76) | 0.69 | 1.18 | (0.09–16.06) | 0.90 | 0.14 | (0.03–0.73) | 0.02 | 0.07 | (0.01–0.45) | 0.01 | |
40–49 | 2.67 | (0.22–32.23) | 0.44 | 2.08 | (0.14–30.10) | 0.59 | 0.17 | (0.03–0.95) | 0.04 | 0.09 | (0.01–0.63) | 0.02 | |
50–59 | 2.22 | (0.17–28.86) | 0.54 | 2.09 | (0.14–30.87) | 0.59 | 0.36 | (0.06–2.11) | 0.26 | 0.31 | (0.05–2.09 | 0.23 | |
60–69 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Region | |||||||||||||
Metropolitan | 0.87 | (0.43–1.75) | 0.70 | 0.94 | (0.44–2.04) | 0.88 | 0.63 | (0.31–1.27) | 0.19 | 0.58 | (0.26–1.29) | 0.18 | |
Non-metropolitan | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Education | |||||||||||||
Below high school graduate | 0.33 | (0.06–1.75) | 0.19 | 0.20 | (0.03–1.34) | 0.10 | 1.25 | (0.26–6.07) | 0.78 | 0.85 | (0.12–6.09) | 0.88 | |
College graduate | 0.95 | (0.27–3.30) | 0.94 | 0.69 | (0.17–2.73) | 0.60 | 1.20 | (0.30–4.74) | 0.80 | 1.49 | (0.28–7.78) | 0.64 | |
Above college graduate | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Monthly income | |||||||||||||
Less than KRW 3 million | 2.00 | (0.61–6.58) | 0.25 | 3.57 | (0.88–14.47) | 0.07 | 2.18 | (0.72–6.61) | 0.17 | 4.49 | (1.13–17.83) | 0.03 | |
KRW 3 to 5 million | 2.71 | (0.94–7.77) | 0.06 | 2.94 | (0.93–9.27) | 0.07 | 2.45 | (0.90–6.65) | 0.08 | 3.57 | (1.10–11.53) | 0.03 | |
KRW 5 to 7 million | 2.38 | (0.85–6.66) | 0.10 | 2.48 | (0.83–7.38) | 0.10 | 0.84 | (0.29–2.46) | 0.75 | 1.12 | (0.34–3.71) | 0.85 | |
KRW 7 million or higher | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Occupation | |||||||||||||
Manager | 0.29 | (0.05–1.59) | 0.15 | 0.31 | (0.05–2.00) | 0.22 | 0.29 | (0.06–1.46) | 0.13 | 0.34 | (0.05–2.27) | 0.27 | |
Office worker | 0.56 | (0.16–2.00) | 0.37 | 0.49 | (0.12–2.03) | 0.33 | 0.32 | (0.09–1.12) | 0.08 | 0.35 | (0.08–1.44) | 0.15 | |
Service/Labor worker | 0.35 | (0.08–1.51) | 0.16 | 0.26 | (0.05–1.27) | 0.10 | 0.43 | (0.11–1.72) | 0.23 | 0.24 | (0.05–1.13) | 0.07 | |
Other | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Living arrangement | |||||||||||||
Living with family | 0.93 | (0.46–1.86) | 0.83 | 0.67 | (0.29–1.51) | 0.33 | 1.14 | (0.55–2.34) | 0.73 | 1.14 | (0.48–2.69) | 0.76 | |
Living alone | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
Tobacco product | |||||||||||||
Triple use | 0.69 | (0.22–2.13) | 0.51 | 0.54 | (0.15–1.89) | 0.33 | 0.39 | (0.13–1.16) | 0.09 | 0.34 | (0.10–1.20) | 0.09 | |
Dual use | 0.61 | (0.19–2.00) | 0.42 | 0.57 | (0.15–2.10) | 0.40 | 0.48 | (0.15–1.49) | 0.20 | 0.46 | (0.12–1.67) | 0.24 | |
Single use | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
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Share and Cite
Hwang, J. Subjective Changes in Tobacco Product Use among Korean Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063272
Hwang J. Subjective Changes in Tobacco Product Use among Korean Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063272
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Jieun. 2022. "Subjective Changes in Tobacco Product Use among Korean Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063272