Financial Burden of Medical Care, Dental Care, and Medicines among Older-Aged Population in Slovenia, Serbia, and Croatia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Setting, Data Source, and Study Design
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Sample Design and Participants Selection
2.4. Questionnaires
2.5. Variables Selection
2.5.1. Dependent Variables
2.5.2. Independent Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Individual and Household Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Frequency of Financial Burden of Healthcare and Characteristics of the Participants
3.3. The Effects of Individual and Household Characteristics on Financial Burden of Medical Care, Dental Care and Medicines in Slovenia, Serbia, and Croatia
3.4. The Effects of Individual and Household Characteristics on Financial Burden of Medicines in Slovenia, Serbia, and Croatia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Questioned as: | Original Answers | Computed Variable |
---|---|---|---|
Financial burden of medical care | “To what extent were the costs of medical examinations or treatments a financial burden to your household during the past 12 months?” | 1—a heavy burden 2—somewhat a burden 3—not a burden at all | 0—without financial burden 1—with financial burden (including the original answers “heavy burden” and “somewhat burden”). |
Financial burden of dental care | “To what extent were the costs of dental examinations or treatments a financial burden to your household during the past 12 months?” | 1—a heavy burden 2—somewhat a burden 3—not a burden at all | 0—without financial burden 1—with financial burden (including the original answers “heavy burden” and “somewhat burden”). |
Financial burden of medicine | “To what extent were the costs of medicines (prescribed and nonprescribed) a financial burden to your household during the past 12 months?” | 1—a heavy burden 2—somewhat a burden 3—not a burden at all | 0—without financial burden 1—with financial burden (including the original answers “heavy burden” and “somewhat burden”). |
Participants’ Characteristics | Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
4565 | 35.4 | 3424 | 26.5 | 4911 | 38.1 | 12,900 | 100.0 | |
Sex | ||||||||
male | 2078 | 45.5 | 1476 | 43.1 | 2082 | 42.4 | 5636 | 43.7 |
female | 2487 | 54.5 | 1948 | 56.9 | 2829 | 57.6 | 7264 | 56.3 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,900 | 100.0 |
Age group | ||||||||
65–69 | 1600 | 35.0 | 1152 | 33.6 | 1520 | 31.0 | 4272 | 33.1 |
70–74 | 1073 | 23.5 | 795 | 23.2 | 1178 | 24.0 | 3046 | 23.6 |
75–79 | 885 | 19.4 | 731 | 21.3 | 1047 | 21.3 | 2663 | 20.6 |
80 and more | 1007 | 22.1 | 746 | 21.8 | 1166 | 23.7 | 2919 | 22.6 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,900 | 100.0 |
Marital status | ||||||||
single/separated/divorced/widowed | 1586 | 34.9 | 1784 | 52.1 | 2156 | 43.9 | 5382 | 41.8 |
married/cohabit | 2960 | 65.1 | 1640 | 47.9 | 2755 | 56.1 | 7499 | 58.2 |
Total | 4546 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,881 | 100.0 |
Self-perceived general health status | ||||||||
very good | 80 | 3.6 | 54 | 1.6 | 105 | 2.1 | 239 | 2.3 |
good | 637 | 28.4 | 437 | 12.8 | 876 | 17.9 | 1950 | 18.4 |
fair | 966 | 43.1 | 1328 | 38.8 | 1682 | 34.3 | 3976 | 37.6 |
bad | 464 | 20.7 | 1322 | 38.6 | 1718 | 35.0 | 3504 | 33.1 |
very bad | 96 | 4.3 | 283 | 8.3 | 523 | 10.7 | 902 | 8.5 |
Total | 2243 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4904 | 100.0 | 10,571 | 100.0 |
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | ||||||||
no | 1534 | 68.4 | 2416 | 70.6 | 3647 | 74.4 | 7597 | 71.9 |
yes | 709 | 31.6 | 1008 | 29.4 | 1256 | 25.6 | 2973 | 28.1 |
Total | 2243 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4903 | 100.0 | 10,570 | 100.0 |
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | ||||||||
not limited at all | 494 | 22.0 | 467 | 13.6 | 1256 | 25.6 | 2217 | 21.0 |
limited but not severely | 922 | 41.1 | 991 | 28.9 | 2155 | 43.9 | 4068 | 38.5 |
severely limited | 827 | 36.9 | 1966 | 57.4 | 1493 | 30.4 | 4286 | 40.5 |
Total | 2243 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4904 | 100.0 | 10,571 | 100.0 |
Education | ||||||||
primary school or less | 0 | 0.0 | 1121 | 32.7 | 802 | 16.3 | 1923 | 14.9 |
secondary | 3899 | 85.4 | 1816 | 53.0 | 3480 | 70.9 | 9195 | 71.3 |
high/tertiary | 666 | 14.6 | 487 | 14.2 | 629 | 12.8 | 1782 | 13.8 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,900 | 100.0 |
Number of years spent in paid work arithmetic mean ± standard deviation | 34.5 ± 2.0 | 33.6 ± 2.6 | 32.3 ± 4.1 | 33.2 ± 8.7 | ||||
At the risk of poverty or social exclusion | ||||||||
no | 3903 | 85.5 | 2306 | 67.3 | 3243 | 66.0 | 9452 | 73.3 |
yes | 662 | 14.5 | 1118 | 32.7 | 1668 | 34.0 | 3448 | 26.7 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,900 | 100.0 |
Household size | ||||||||
one person | 686 | 15.0 | 686 | 20.0 | 1337 | 27.2 | 2709 | 21.0 |
two persons | 2292 | 50.2 | 1113 | 32.5 | 2452 | 49.9 | 5857 | 45.4 |
three or more persons | 1587 | 34.8 | 1625 | 47.5 | 1122 | 22.8 | 4334 | 33.6 |
Total | 4656 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,900 | 100.0 |
Financial burden of total housing costs | ||||||||
not a burden at all | 1580 | 34.6 | 2184 | 63.9 | 2643 | 54.7 | 6407 | 50.0 |
a slight burden | 2391 | 52.4 | 1112 | 32.5 | 1882 | 38.9 | 5385 | 42.0 |
a heavy burden | 594 | 13.0 | 124 | 3.6 | 310 | 6.4 | 1028 | 8.0 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3420 | 100.0 | 4835 | 100.0 | 12,820 | 100.0 |
Ability to make ends meet | ||||||||
easily or very easily | 673 | 14.7 | 59 | 1.7 | 166 | 3.4 | 898 | 7.0 |
fairly easily or with some difficulty | 2799 | 61.3 | 1233 | 36.0 | 2376 | 48.4 | 6408 | 49.7 |
with difficulty or with great difficulty | 1093 | 23.9 | 2132 | 62.3 | 2367 | 48.2 | 5592 | 43.4 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4909 | 100.0 | 12,898 | 100.0 |
Severely materially deprived household | ||||||||
not severely deprived | 4356 | 95.4 | 2770 | 80.9 | 4245 | 86.4 | 11,371 | 88.1 |
severely deprived | 209 | 4.6 | 654 | 19.1 | 666 | 13.6 | 1529 | 11.9 |
Total | 4565 | 100.0 | 3424 | 100.0 | 4911 | 100.0 | 12,900 | 100.0 |
Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants’ Characteristics | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
n = 3519 (84.9%) | n = 626 (15.1%) | p | n = 1739 (60.3%) | n = 1143 (39.7%) | p | n = 2166 (50.0%) | n = 2167 (50.0%) | p | |||
PERSONAL LEVEL | |||||||||||
Sex | |||||||||||
male | 1594 (45.3) | 301 (48.1) | 0.213 | 776 (44.6) | 475 (41.6) | 0.113 | 908 (41.9) | 934 (43.1) | 0.450 | ||
female | 1925 (54.7) | 325 (51.9) | 963 (55.4) | 668 (58.4) | 1258 (58.1) | 1233 (57.5) | |||||
Age group | |||||||||||
65–69 | 1197 (34.0) | 240 (38.3) | 0.038 | 621 (35.7) | 341 (29.8) | 0.011 | 695 (32.1) | 634 (29.3) | 0.180 | ||
70–74 | 819 (23.3) | 153 (24.4) | 390 (22.4) | 286 (25.0) | 525 (24.2) | 525 (24.2) | |||||
75–79 | 699 (19.9) | 118 (18.8) | 377 (21.7) | 260 (22.7) | 443 (20.5) | 480 (22.2) | |||||
80+ | 804 (22.8) | 115 (18.4) | 351 (20.2) | 256 (22.4) | 503 (23.2) | 528(24.4) | |||||
Marital status | |||||||||||
single/separated/ divorced/widowed | 1243 (35.3) | 155 (24.8) | <0.01 | 796 (45.8) | 528 (46.2) | 0.854 | 994 (45.9) | 853 (39.4) | <0.01 | ||
married/cohabit | 2276 (64.7) | 741 (75.2) | 943 (54.2) | 615 (53.8) | 1172 (54.1) | 1314 (60.6) | |||||
Self-perceived general health status | |||||||||||
very good | 51 (2.9) | 10 (3.3) | 0.411 | 33 (1.9) | 6 (0.5) | <0.01 | 41 (1.9) | 29 (1.3) | <0.01 | ||
good | 488 (27.9) | 70 (23.4) | 255 (14.7) | 94 (8.2) | 443 (20.5) | 287 (13.3) | |||||
fair | 758 (43.4) | 133 (44.5) | 762 (43.8) | 334 (29.2) | 755 (34.9) | 704 (32.5) | |||||
bad | 368 (21.2) | 74 (24.7) | 595 (34.2) | 556 (48.6) | 707 (32.7) | 867 (40.1) | |||||
very bad | 81 (4.6) | 12 (4.0) | 94 (5.4) | 153 (13.4) | 216 (10.0) | 277 (12.8) | |||||
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | |||||||||||
no | 519 (29.7) | 79 (26.4) | 0.275 | 521 (30.0) | 246 (21.5) | <0.01 | 532 (24.6) | 460 (21.3) | <0.01 | ||
yes | 1227 (70.3) | 220 (43.6) | 1218 (70.0) | 897 (78.5) | 1630 (75.4) | 1704 (78.7) | |||||
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | |||||||||||
not limited at all | 626 (35.9) | 85 (28.4) | 0.030 | 1063 (61.1) | 551 (48.2) | <0.01 | 712 (32.9) | 562 (26.0) | <0.01 | ||
limited but not severely | 728 (41.7) | 133 (44.5) | 491 (28.2) | 370 (32.4) | 912 (42.2) | 981 (45.3) | |||||
severely limited | 392 (22.5) | 81 (27.1) | 185 (10.6) | 222 (19.4) | 538 (24.9) | 621 (28.7) | |||||
Education | |||||||||||
primary school or less | 0 | 0 | 517 (29.7) | 424 (37.1) | <0.01 | 334 (15.4) | 352 (16.2) | 0.427 | |||
secondary | 3039 (86.4) | 498 (79.6) | <0.01 | 949 (54.6) | 583 (51.0) | 1538 (71.0) | 1547 (71.4) | ||||
high/tertiary | 480 (13.6) | 128 (20.4) | 273 (15.7) | 136 (11.9) | 294 (13.6) | 268 (12.4) | |||||
Number of years spent in paid work arithmetic mean ± standard deviation | 34.4 ± 8.9 | 35.3 ± 8.4 | <0.01 | 33.8 ± 11.0 | 33.5 ± 11.5 | 0.431 | 32.4 ± 10.2 | 32.4 ± 9.9 | 0.499 | ||
At risk of poverty or social exclusion | |||||||||||
no | 2997 (85.2) | 567 (90.6) | <0.01 | 1282 (73.7) | 685 (59.9) | <0.01 | 1483 (68.5) | 1422 (65.6) | 0.050 | ||
yes | 522 (14.8) | 59 (9.4) | 457 (26.3) | 458 (40.1) | 683 (31.5) | 745 (34.4) | |||||
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL | |||||||||||
Household size | |||||||||||
one person | 540 (15.3) | 59 (9.4) | <0.01 | 315 (18.1) | 213 (18.6) | 0.389 | 595 (27.5) | 528 (24.4) | 0.064 | ||
two persons | 1741 (49.5) | 377 (60.2) | 595 (34.2) | 363 (31.8) | 1091 (50.4) | 1131 (52.2) | |||||
three or more persons | 1238 (35.2) | 190 (30.4) | 829 (47.7) | 567 (49.6) | 480 (22.2) | 508 (23.4) | |||||
Financial burden of total housing costs | |||||||||||
not a burden at all | 479 (13.6) | 52 (8.3) | <0.01 | 965 (55.5) | 868 (76.1) | <0.01 | 185 (8.7) | 83 (3.9) | <0.01 | ||
a slight burden | 1814 (51.5) | 362 (57.8) | 686 (39.5) | 258 (22.6) | 806 (37.7) | 826 (38.7) | |||||
a heavy burden | 1226 (34.8) | 212 (33.9) | 87 (5.0) | 15 (1.3) | 1147 (53.6) | 1226 (57.4) | |||||
Ability to make ends meet | |||||||||||
easily or very easily | 508 (14.4) | 81 (12.9) | 0.598 | 46 (2.6) | 3 (0.3) | <0.01 | 106 (4,9) | 41 (1,9) | <0.01 | ||
fairly easily or with some difficulty | 2168 (61.6) | 395 (63.1) | 785 (45.1) | 260 (22.7) | 1108 (51,2) | 1005 (46,4) | |||||
with difficulty or with great difficulty | 843 (24.0) | 150 (24.0) | 908 (52.2) | 880 (77.0) | 952 (44,0) | 1121 (51,7) | |||||
Severely materially deprived household | |||||||||||
not severely deprived | 3363 (95.6) | 603 (96.3) | 0.451 | 1511 (86.9) | 854 (74.7) | <0.01 | 1896 (87.5) | 1840 (84.9) | <0.01 | ||
severely deprived | 156 (4.4) | 23 (3.7) | 228 (13.1) | 289 (25.3) | 270 (12.5) | 327 (15.1) |
Participants’ Characteristics | Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
n = 1546 (51.5%) | n = 1457 (48.5%) | p | n = 714 (53.3%) | n = 626 (46.7%) | p | n = 2.004 (63.6%) | n = 1146 (36.4%) | p | |
PERSONAL LEVEL | |||||||||
Sex | |||||||||
male | 704 (45.5) | 717 (49.2) | 0.048 | 333 (46.6) | 263 (42.0) | 0.100 | 867 (43.3) | 508 (44.3) | 0.588 |
female | 842 (54.5) | 740 (50.8) | 381 (53.4) | 363 (58.0) | 1137 (56.7) | 638 (55.7) | |||
Age group | |||||||||
65–69 | 539 (34.9) | 599 (41.1) | <0.01 | 270 (37.8) | 222 (35.5) | 0.245 | 665 (33.2) | 381 (33.2) | 0.713 |
70–74 | 386 (25.0) | 326 (22.4) | 175 (24.5) | 138 (22.0) | 497 (24.8) | 284 (24.8) | |||
75–79 | 283 (18.3) | 286 (19.6) | 139 (19.5) | 148 (23.6) | 406 (20.3) | 248 (21.6) | |||
80+ | 338 (21.9) | 246 (16.9) | 130 (18.2) | 118 (18.8) | 436 (21.8) | 233 (20.3) | |||
Marital status | |||||||||
single/separated/ divorced/widowed | 539 (34.9) | 408 (28.0) | <0.01 | 297 (41.6) | 283 (45.2) | 0.202 | 851 (42.5) | 418 (36.5) | <0.01 |
married/cohabiting | 1007 (65.1) | 1049 (72.0) | 417 (58.4) | 343 (54.8) | 1153 (57.5) | 728 (63.5) | |||
Self-perceived general health status | |||||||||
very good | 29 (4.2) | 21 (3.3) | 0.340 | 13 (1.8) | 11 (1.8) | <0.01 | 40 (2.0) | 18 (1.6) | 0.302 |
good | 199 (28.6) | 201 (31.6) | 117 (16.4) | 60 (9.6) | 403 (20.2) | 199 (17.4) | |||
fair | 301 (43.2) | 274 (43.0) | 332 (46.5) | 237 (37.9) | 694 (34.7) | 406 (35.5) | |||
bad | 132 (19.0) | 121 (19.0) | 212 (29.7) | 267 (42.7) | 683 (34.2) | 412 (36.0) | |||
very bad | 35 (5.0) | 20 (3.1) | 40 (5.6) | 51 (8.1) | 178 (8.9) | 110 (9.6) | |||
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | |||||||||
no | 213 (30.6) | 206 (32.3) | 0.533 | 248 (34.7) | 154 (24.6) | <0.01 | 527 (26.4) | 273 (23.8) | 0.127 |
yes | 483 (69.4) | 431 (67.7) | 466 (65.3) | 472 (75.4) | 1471 (73.6) | 872 (76.2) | |||
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | |||||||||
not limited at all | 274 (39.4) | 221 (34.7) | 0.159 | 446 (62.5) | 361 (57.7) | 0.181 | 627 (31.4) | 339 (29.6) | 0.501 |
limited but not severely | 283 (40.7) | 289 (45.4) | 185 (25.9) | 178 (28.4) | 889 (44.5) | 532 (46.5) | |||
severely limited | 139 (20.0) | 127 (19.9) | 83 (11.6) | 87 (13.9) | 482 (24.1) | 274 (23.9) | |||
Education | |||||||||
primary school or less | 0 | 0 | 204 (28.6) | 200 (31.9) | 0.056 | 283 (14.1) | 138 (12.0) | 0.037 | |
secondary | 1318 (85.3) | 1170 (80.3) | <0.01 | 388 (54.3) | 347 (55.4) | 1447 (72.2) | 818 (71.4) | ||
high/tertiary | 228 (14.7) | 287 (19.70 | 122 (17.1) | 79 (12.6) | 274 (13.7) | 190 (16.6) | |||
Number of years spent in paid work arithmetic mean ± standard deviation | 34.8 ± 8.3 | 36.0 ± 7.4 | <0.01 | 33.4 ±10.8 | 34.0 ±10.7 | 0.446 | 32.3 ± 10.1 | 33.0 ± 9.6 | 0.207 |
At the risk of poverty or social exclusion | |||||||||
no | 1387 (89.7) | 1337 (91.8) | 0.062 | 568 (79.6) | 435 (69.5) | <0.01 | 1424 (71.1) | 815 (71.1) | 1.000 |
yes | 159 (10.3) | 120 (8.2) | 146 (20.4) | 191 (30.5) | 580 (28.9) | 331 (28.9) | |||
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL | |||||||||
Household size | |||||||||
one person | 171 (11.1) | 122 (8.4) | 0.038 | 41 (5.7) | 54 (8.6) | 0.093 | 475 (23.7) | 220 (19.2) | 0.012 |
two persons | 743 (48.1) | 737 (50.6) | 171 (23.9) | 135 (21.6) | 1001 (50.0) | 596 (52.0) | |||
three or more persons | 632 (40.9) | 598 (41.0) | 502 (70.3) | 437 (69.8) | 528 (26.3) | 330 (28.8) | |||
Financial burden of total housing costs | |||||||||
not a burden at all | 215 (13.9) | 153 (10.5) | <0.01 | 342 (47.9) | 478 (76.4) | <0.01 | 181 (9.1) | 59 (5.20) | <0.01 |
a slight burden | 891 (57.6) | 789 (54.2) | 329 (46.1) | 141 (22.5) | 791 (39.9) | 479 (42.2) | |||
a heavy burden | 440 (28.5) | 515 (35.3) | 43 (6.0) | 7 (1.1) | 1010 (51.0) | 597 (52.6) | |||
Ability to make ends meet | |||||||||
easily or very easily | 277 (17.9) | 182 (12.5) | <0.01 | 33 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | <0.01 | 96 (4.8) | 31 (2.7) | 0.015 |
fairly easily or with some difficulty | 952 (61.6) | 997 (68.4) | 381 (53.4) | 189 (30.2) | 1053 (52.5) | 606 (52.9) | |||
with difficulty or with great difficulty | 317 (20.5) | 278 (19.1) | 300 (42.0) | 437 (69.8) | 855 (42.7) | 509 (44.4) | |||
Severely materially deprived household | |||||||||
not severely deprived | 1496 (96.8) | 1423 (97.7) | 0.166 | 663 (92.9) | 520 (83.1) | <0.01 | 1799 (89.8) | 1010 (88.1) | 0.173 |
severely deprived | 50 (3.2) | 34 (2.3) | 51 (7.1) | 106 (16.9) | 205 (10.2) | 136 (11.9) |
Participants’ Characteristics | Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
n = 1935 (42.4%) | n = 2630 (57.6%) | p | n = 1058 (35.8%) | n = 1900 (64.2%) | p | n = 1342 (30.9%) | n = 3003 (69.1%) | p | ||
PERSONAL LEVEL | ||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||
male | 903 (46.7) | 1175 (44.7) | 0.192 | 483 (45.7) | 790 (41.6) | 0.035 | 562 (41.9) | 1279 (42.6) | 0.685 | |
female | 1032 (53.3) | 1455 (55.3) | 575 (54.3) | 1110 (58.4) | 780 (58.1) | 1724 (57.4) | ||||
Age group | ||||||||||
65–69 | 701 (36.2) | 899 (34.2) | 0.531 | 408 (38.6) | 582 (30.6) | <0.01 | 436 (32.5) | 887 (29.5) | 0.144 | |
70–74 | 445 (23.0) | 628 (23.9) | 219 (20.7) | 463 (24.4) | 327 (24.4) | 731 (24.3) | ||||
75–79 | 365 (18.9) | 520 (19.8) | 218 (20.6) | 429 (22.6) | 264 (19.7) | 665 (22.1) | ||||
80+ | 424 (21.9) | 583 (22.2) | 213 (20.1) | 426 (22.4) | 315 (23.5) | 720 (24.0) | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||||
single/separated/ divorced/widowed | 698 (36.1) | 888 (33.8) | 0.109 | 490 (46.3) | 879 (46.3) | 1.000 | 651 (48.5) | 1199 (39.9) | <0.01 | |
married/cohabit | 1237 (63.9) | 1742 (66.2) | 568 (53.7) | 1021 (53.7) | 691 (51.5) | 1804 (60.1) | ||||
Self-perceived general health status | ||||||||||
very good | 52 (5.3) | 28 (2.2) | <0.01 | 22 (2.1) | 14 (0.7) | <0.01 | 37 (2.8) | 33 (1.1) | <0.01 | |
good | 351 (35.9) | 286 (22.6) | 184 (17.4) | 178 (9.4) | 332 (24.8) | 399 (13.3) | ||||
fair | 425 (43.5) | 541 (42.8) | 520 (49.1) | 620 (32.6) | 505 (37.7) | 966 (32.2) | ||||
bad | 132 (13.5) | 332 (26.2) | 290 (27.4) | 877 (46.2) | 359 (26.8) | 1215 (40.5) | ||||
very bad | 18 (1.8) | 78 (6.2) | 42 (4.0) | 211 (11.1) | 105 (7.8) | 387 (12.9) | ||||
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | ||||||||||
no | 402 (41.1) | 307 (24.3) | <0.01 | 388 (36.7) | 421 (22.2) | <0.01 | 419 (31.3) | 569 (19.0) | <0.01 | |
yes | 576 (58.9) | 958 (75.7) | 670 (63.3) | 1479 (77.8) | 919 (68.7) | 2431 (81.0) | ||||
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | ||||||||||
not limited at all | 492 (50.3) | 335 (26.5) | <0.01 | 727 (68.7) | 935 (49.2) | <0.01 | 525 (39.2) | 753 (25.1) | <0.01 | |
limited but not severely | 352 (36.0) | 570 (45.1) | 234 (22.1) | 649 (34.2) | 560 (21.9) | 1341 (44.7) | ||||
severely limited | 134 (13.7) | 360 (28.5) | 97 (9.2) | 316 (16.6) | 253 (18.9) | 906 (30.2) | ||||
Education | ||||||||||
primary school or less | 0 | 0 | 285 (26.9) | 685 (36.1) | <0.01 | 205 (15.3) | 487 (16.2) | <0.01 | ||
secondary | 1589 (82.1) | 2310 (87.8) | <0.01 | 574 (54.3) | 1000 (52.6) | 923 (68.8) | 2170 (72.3) | |||
high/tertiary | 346 (17.9) | 320 (12.2) | 199 (18.8) | 215 (11.3) | 214 (15.9) | 346 (11.5) | ||||
Number of years spent in paid work arithmetic mean ± standard deviation | 34.9 ± 8.5 | 34.2 ± 9.2 | 0.042 | 33.8 ± 10.0 | 33.7 ± 12.0 | 0.210 | 32.5 ± 9.9 | 32.4 ± 10.0 | 0.233 | |
At risk of poverty or social exclusion | ||||||||||
no | 1694 (87.5) | 2209 (84.0) | 0.001 | 855 (80.8) | 1158 (60.9) | <0.01 | 962 (71.7) | 1948 (64.9) | <0.01 | |
yes | 241 (12.5) | 421 (16.0) | 203 (19.2) | 742 (39.1) | 380 (28.3) | 1055 (35.1) | ||||
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL | ||||||||||
Household size | ||||||||||
one person | 336 (17.4) | 350 (13.3) | <0.01 | 167 (15.8) | 386 (20.3) | <0.01 | 389 (29.0) | 734 (24.4) | <0.01 | |
two persons | 969 (50.1) | 1323 (50.3) | 372 (35.2) | 607 (31.9) | 627 (46.7) | 1600 (53.3) | ||||
three or more persons | 630 (32.6) | 957 (36.4) | 519 (49.1) | 907 (47.7) | 326 (24.3) | 669 (22.3) | ||||
Financial burden of total housing costs | ||||||||||
not a burden at all | 422 (21.8) | 172 (6.5) | <0.01 | 464 (43.9) | 1428 (75.2) | <0.01 | 182 (13.8) | 89 (3.0) | <0.01 | |
a slight burden | 1072 (55.4) | 1319 (50.2) | 507 (48.0) | 452 (23.8) | 571 (43.2) | 1060 (35.8) | ||||
a heavy burden | 441 (22.8) | 1139 (43.3) | 86 (8.1) | 19 (1.0) | 570 (43.1) | 1812 (61.2) | ||||
Ability to make ends meet | ||||||||||
easily or very easily | 423 (21.9) | 250 (9.5) | <0.01 | 49 (4.6) | 6 (0.3) | <0.01 | 101 (7.5) | 52 (1.7) | <0.01 | |
fairly easily or with some difficulty | 1185 (61.2) | 1614 (61.4) | 610 (57.7) | 470 (24.7) | 754 (56.2) | 1364 (45.4) | ||||
with difficulty or with great difficulty | 327 (16.9) | 766 (29.1) | 399 (37.7) | 1424 (74.9) | 487 (36.3) | 1587 (52.8) | ||||
Severely materially deprived household | ||||||||||
not severely deprived | 1868 (96.5) | 2488 (94.6) | <0.01 | 981 (92.7) | 1440 (75.8) | <0.01 | 1203 (89.6) | 2543 (84.7) | <0.01 | |
severely deprived | 67 (3.5) | 142 (5.4) | 77 (7.3) | 460 (24.2) | 139 (10.4) | 460 (15.3) |
Participants’ Characteristic | Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
PERSONAL LEVEL | ||||||
Age group | ||||||
65–69 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
70–74 | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) | 1.24 (1.00–1.54) | - | - |
75–79 | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | - | - |
80+ | 0.77 (0.51–1.14) | 0.78 (0.52–1.18) | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | - | - |
Marital status | ||||||
single/separated/ divorced/widowed | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
married/cohabit | 1.84 (1.35–2.50) * | 1.54 (1.03–2.03) * | - | - | 1.38 (1.22–1.56) * | 1.43 (1.26–1.62) * |
Self-perceived general health status | ||||||
very good | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
good | - | - | 2.10 (0.85–5.19) | 1.71 (0.67–4.35) | 0.90 (0.55–1.49) | 0.85 (0.51–1.43) |
fair | - | - | 2.43 (1.00–5.89) | 1.91 (0.77–4.77) | 1.34 (0.81–2.21) | 1.17 (0.70–1.94) |
bad | - | - | 5.11 (2.08–12.52) * | 3.56 (1.41–8.95) * | 1.86 (1.11–3.12) * | 1.53 (0.90–2.60) |
very bad | - | - | 8.11 (3.17–20.77) * | 5.23 (1.99–13.76) * | 2.11 (1.21–3.68) * | 1.74 (0.98–3.08) |
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | ||||||
no | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
yes | - | - | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) * | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) |
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | ||||||
not limited at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
limited but not severely | 1.56 (1.15–2.14) * | 1.51 (1.10–2.07) * | 0.83 (0.68–1.03) | 0.82 (0.67–1.02) | 1.18 (1.00–1.40) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) |
severely limited | 2.22 (1.53–3.20) * | 2.05 (1.41–2.98) * | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 1.00 (0.74–1.34) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) |
Education | ||||||
primary school or less | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
secondary | 1 | 1 | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | - | - |
high/tertiary | 1.95 (1.42–2.68) * | 2.03 (1.47–2.81) * | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | - | - |
Number of years spent in paid work | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | - | - | - | - |
At the risk of poverty or social exclusion | ||||||
no | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
yes | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.75 (0.48–1.15) | 1.57 (1.32–1.87) * | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) | - | - |
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL | ||||||
Household size | ||||||
one person | 1 | - | - | |||
two persons | 1.47 (0.93–2.35) | - | - | |||
three and more persons | 0.86 (0.50–1.49) | - | - | |||
Financial burden of total housing costs | ||||||
not a burden at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
a slight burden | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 0.69 (0.56–0.84) * | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) | |||
a heavy burden | 0.51 (0.31–0.84) * | 0.47 (0.26–0.87) * | 0.62 (0.46–0.84) * | |||
Ability to make ends meet | ||||||
easily or very easily | - | 1 | 1 | |||
fairly easily or with some difficulty | - | 3.58 (1.05–12.17) * | 2.08 (1.41–3.06) * | |||
with difficulty or with great difficulty | - | 6.80 (1.99–23.28) * | 2.52 (1.67–3.79) * | |||
Severely materially deprived household | ||||||
not severely deprived | - | 1 | 1 | |||
severely deprived | - | 1.30 (0.98–1.71) | 1.05 (0.86–1.27) |
Participants’ Characteristics | Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
PERSONAL LEVEL | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
man | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
woman | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) | - | - | - | - |
Age group | ||||||
65–69 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
70–74 | 0.94 (0.71–1.27) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | - | - | - | - |
75–79 | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | - | - | - | - |
80+ | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | - | - | - | - |
Marital status | ||||||
single/separated/ divorced/widowed | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
married/cohabit | 1.42 (1.10–1.83) * | 1.54 (1.10–2.17) * | - | - | 1.25 (1.08–1.46) * | 1.18 (0.97–1.45) |
Self-perceived general health status | ||||||
very good | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
good | - | - | 0.61 (0.26–1.46) | 0.50 (0.20–1.26) | - | - |
fair | - | - | 0.77 (0.34–1.76) | 0.61 (0.25–1.48) | - | - |
bad | - | - | 1.21 (0.52–2.81) | 0.86 (0.35–2.11) | - | - |
very bad | - | - | 1.17 (0.46–2.95) | 0.73 (0.27–1.98) | - | - |
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | ||||||
no | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
yes | - | - | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) | 1.29 (0.98–1.70) | - | - |
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | ||||||
not limited at all | - | - | - | - | - | - |
limited but not severely | - | - | - | - | - | - |
severely limited | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Education | ||||||
primary school or less | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
secondary | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 1.20 (0.95–1.45) |
high/tertiary | 1.43 (1.08–1.90) * | 1.76 (1.30–2.39) * | - | - | 1.33 (1.00–1.75) * | 1.56 (1.17–2.10) * |
Number of years spent in paid work | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) * | - | - | - | - |
At risk of poverty or social exclusion | ||||||
no | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
yes | - | - | 1.51 (1.17–1.95) * | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) | - | - |
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL | ||||||
Household size | ||||||
one person | 1 | - | 1 | |||
two persons | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) | - | 1.15(0.90–1.49) | |||
three or more persons | 0.99 (0.65–1.51) | - | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) | |||
Financial burden of total housing costs | ||||||
not a burden at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
a slight burden | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 0.35 (0.27–0.45) * | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | |||
a heavy burden | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) * | 0.13 (0.06–0.30) * | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) * | |||
Ability to make ends meet | ||||||
easily or very easily | 1 | - | 1 | |||
fairly easily or with some difficulty | 1.78 (1.26–2.51) * | - | 1.70 (1.10–2.61) * | |||
with difficulty or with great difficulty | 1.49 (0.93–2.37) | - | 1.81 (1.15–2.86) * | |||
Severely materially deprived household | ||||||
not severely deprived | - | 1 | - | |||
severely deprived | - | 1.58 (0.99–2.50) | - |
Participants’ Characteristics | Slovenia | Serbia | Croatia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
PERSONAL LEVEL | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
man | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
woman | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) | - | - | - | - |
Age group | ||||||
65–69 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
70–74 | 0.94 (0.71–1.27) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | - | - | - | - |
75–79 | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | - | - | - | - |
80+ | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | - | - | - | - |
Marital status | ||||||
single/separated/ divorced/widowed | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
married/cohabit | 1.42 (1.10–1.83) * | 1.54 (1.10–2.17) * | - | - | 1.25 (1.08–1.46) * | 1.18 (0.97–1.45) |
Self-perceived general health status | ||||||
very good | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
good | - | - | 0.61 (0.26–1.46) | 0.50 (0.20–1.26) | - | - |
fair | - | - | 0.77 (0.34–1.76) | 0.61 (0.25–1.48) | - | - |
bad | - | - | 1.21 (0.52–2.81) | 0.86 (0.35–2.11) | - | - |
very bad | - | - | 1.17 (0.46–2.95) | 0.73 (0.27–1.98) | - | - |
Suffer from any chronic illness or condition | ||||||
no | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
yes | - | - | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) | 1.29 (0.98–1.70) | - | - |
Limitations in daily activities due to health problems | ||||||
not limited at all | - | - | - | - | - | - |
limited but not severely | - | - | - | - | - | - |
severely limited | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Education | ||||||
primary school or less | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
secondary | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 1.20 (0.95–1.45) |
high/tertiary | 1.43 (1.08–1.90) * | 1.76 (1.30–2.39) * | - | - | 1.33 (1.00–1.75) * | 1.56 (1.17–2.10) * |
Number of years spent in paid work | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) * | - | - | - | - |
At risk of poverty or social exclusion | ||||||
no | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
yes | - | - | 1.51 (1.17–1.95) * | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) | - | - |
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL | ||||||
Household size | ||||||
one person | 1 | - | 1 | |||
two persons | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) | - | 1.15 (0.90–1.49) | |||
three or more persons | 0.99 (0.65–1.51) | - | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) | |||
Financial burden of total housing costs | ||||||
not a burden at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
a slight burden | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 0.35 (0.27–0.45) * | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | |||
a heavy burden | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) * | 0.13 (0.06–0.30) * | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) * | |||
Ability to make ends meet | ||||||
easily or very easily | 1 | - | 1 | |||
fairly easily or with some difficulty | 1.78 (1.26–2.51) * | - | 1.70 (1.10–2.61) * | |||
with difficulty or with great difficulty | 1.49 (0.93–2.37) | - | 1.81 (1.15–2.86) * | |||
Severely materially deprived household | ||||||
not severely deprived | - | 1 | - | |||
severely deprived | - | 1.58 (0.99–2.50) | - |
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Vojvodic, K.; Terzic-Supic, Z.; Todorovic, J.; Gagliardi, C.; Santric-Milicevic, M.; Popovic, M. Financial Burden of Medical Care, Dental Care, and Medicines among Older-Aged Population in Slovenia, Serbia, and Croatia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063325
Vojvodic K, Terzic-Supic Z, Todorovic J, Gagliardi C, Santric-Milicevic M, Popovic M. Financial Burden of Medical Care, Dental Care, and Medicines among Older-Aged Population in Slovenia, Serbia, and Croatia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063325
Chicago/Turabian StyleVojvodic, Katarina, Zorica Terzic-Supic, Jovana Todorovic, Cristina Gagliardi, Milena Santric-Milicevic, and Marina Popovic. 2022. "Financial Burden of Medical Care, Dental Care, and Medicines among Older-Aged Population in Slovenia, Serbia, and Croatia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063325