Health Care Utilization and Out-of-Pocket Payments among Elderly with Cognitive Frailty in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Not Frail n (%) * | Pre-Frail n (%) * | Other Frailty n (%) * | CF n (%) * | Total n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Perak | 41 (5.6) | 134 (18.4) | 2 (0.3) | 5 (0.7) | 182 (24.9) |
Selangor | 30 (4.1) | 154 (21.1) | 3 (0.4) | 5 (0.7) | 192 (26.3) | |
Kelantan | 29 (4.0) | 177 (24.2) | 17 (2.3) | 23 (3.2) | 246 (33.7) | |
Johor | 36 (4.9) | 70 (9.6) | 4 (0.5) | - | 110 (15.1) | |
Total | 136 (18.6) | 535 (73.3) | 26 (3.6) | 33 (4.5) | 730 (100) | |
Gender | Male | 44 (6) | 270 (37) | 17 (2.3) | 22 (3) | 353 (48.4) |
Female | 92 (12.6) | 265 (36.3) | 9 (1.2) | 11 (1.5) | 377 (51.6) | |
Ethnicity | Malay | 62 (8.5) | 361 (49.5) | 22 (3) | 26 (3.6) | 471 (64.5) |
Chinese | 69 (9.5) | 156 (21.4) | 2 (0.3) | 4 (0.5) | 231 (31.6) | |
Indian | 5 (0.7) | 18 (2.5) | 2 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 28 (3.9) | |
Marital status | Single | - | 9 (1.2) | - | - | 9 (1.2) |
Married | 95 (13) | 367 (50.3) | 19 (2.6) | 19 (2.6) | 500 (68.5) | |
Others | 41 (5.6) | 159 (21.8) | 7 (1) | 14 (1.9) | 221 (30.3) | |
Age | 65–70 Years | 83 (11.4) | 213 (29.2) | 9 (1.2) | 11 (1.5) | 316 (43.3) |
71–75 Years | 37 (5.1) | 179 (24.5) | 11 (1.5) | 9 (1.2) | 236 (32.3) | |
76–80 Years | 15 (2.1) | 101 (13.8) | 2 (0.3) | 11 (1.5) | 129 (17.7) | |
81–85 Years | 1 (0.1) | 38 (5.2) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 44 (6) | |
>85 Years | - | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | - | 5 (0.7) | |
Education level | No Education | 21 (2.9) | 77 (10.5) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (1) | 106 (14.5) |
School level | 113 (15.5) | 431 (59) | 25 (3.4) | 24 (3.3) | 593 (81.2) | |
Higher education | 2 (0.3) | 26 (3.6) | - | - | 28 (3.9) | |
Others | - | 1 (0.1) | - | 2 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | |
Current job | Not working | 110 (15.1) | 448 (61.4) | 23 (3.2) | 32 (4.4) | 613 (84.0) |
Working | 26 (3.6) | 87 (11.9) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 117 (16.0) | |
Monthly income | <RM 700 | 60 (8.2) | 200 (27.4) | 11 (1.5) | 19 (2.6) | 290 (39.7) |
RM 701–1400 | 30 (4.1) | 128 (17.5) | 11 (1.5) | 8 (1.1) | 177 (24.2) | |
RM 1401–2100 | 20 (2.7) | 103 (14.1) | 2 (0.3) | 5 (0.7) | 130 (17.8) | |
RM 2101–2800 | 4 (0.5) | 30 (4.1) | 1 (0.1) | - | 35 (4.8) | |
RM 2801–3500 | 13 (1.8) | 33 (4.5) | - | - | 46 (6.3) | |
>RM 3500 | 9 (1.2) | 41 (5.6) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 52 (7.1) |
Not Frail n (%) † | Pre-Frail n (%) † | Other Frailty n (%) † | CF n (%) † | Total n (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypertension | 68 (50) | 291 (54.4) | 19 (73.1) | 23 (69.7) | 401 (54.9) | 0.051 |
High cholesterol | 63 (46.3) | 278 (52) | 18 (69.2) | 22 (66.7) | 381 (52.2) | 0.053 |
Diabetes mellitus | 26 (19.1) | 156 (29.2) | 7 (26.9) | 13 (39.4) | 202 (27.7) | 0.050 * |
Stroke | 3 (2.2) | 21 (3.9) | 2 (7.7) | 2 (6.1) | 28 (3.8) | 0.478 |
Joint pain | 46 (33.8) | 177 (33.1) | 9 (34.6) | 16 (48.5) | 248 (34) | 0.349 |
Heart disease | 9 (6.6) | 50 (9.3) | 7 (26.9) | 3 (9.1) | 69 (9.5) | 0.014 * |
Vision problems | 51 (37.5) | 191 (35.7) | 6 (23.1) | 13 (39.4) | 261 (35.8) | 0.534 |
hearing problems | 17 (12.5) | 70 (13.1) | 6 (23.1) | 7 (21.2) | 100 (13.7) | 0.279 |
Renal failure | 2 (1.5) | 16 (3) | 4 (15.4) | 4 (12.1) | 26 (3.6) | <0.001 * |
Chronic lung disease | 3 (2.2) | 5 (0.9) | - | - | 8 (1.1) | 0.507 |
Constipation | 15 (11) | 79 (14.8) | 10 (38.5) | 10 (30.3) | 114 (15.6) | <0.001 * |
Gastric ulcer | 10 (7.4) | 77 (14.4) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (12.1) | 97 (13.3) | 0.074 |
Cancer | 4 (2.9) | 15 (2.8) | - | - | 19 (2.6) | 0.632 |
Urinary problems | 9 (6.6) | 70 (13.1) | 7 (26.9) | 9 (27.3) | 95 (13) | 0.002 * |
Not Frail n (%) * | Pre-Frail n (%) * | Other Frailty n (%) * | CF n (%) * | Total n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seek any treatment as an outpatient for the illness suffered in the last six months | |||||
No | 32 (4.4) | 111 (15.2) | 3 (0.4) | 6 (0.8) | 152 (20.8) |
Yes | 104 (14.2) | 424 (58.1) | 23 (3.2) | 27 (3.7) | 578 (79.2) |
The facilities the patient sought treatment in the last six months | |||||
Government clinic | 67 (9.2) | 275 (37.7) | 15 (2.1) | 20 (2.7) | 377 (51.6) |
Government hospital | 21 (2.9) | 126 (17.3) | 7 (1) | 7 (1) | 161 (22.1) |
Private clinic | 24 (3.3) | 68 (9.3) | 3 (0.4) | 7 (1) | 102 (14) |
Times got treatment in government clinic during the last 6 months | |||||
One visit | 34 (4.7) | 93 (12.7) | 8 (1.1) | 5 (0.7) | 140 (19.2) |
Two visits | 27 (3.7) | 126 (17.3) | 4 (0.5) | 11 (1.5) | 168 (23.0) |
Three visits | 7 (1) | 46 (6.3) | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.5) | 60 (8.2) |
Times got treatment in government hospital during the last 6 months | |||||
One visit | 12 (1.6) | 64 (8.8) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 80 (11) |
Two visits | 6 (0.8) | 44 (6) | 5 (0.7) | 4 (0.5) | 59 (8.1) |
Three visits | 2 (0.3) | 18 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.3) | 22 (3) |
Times got treatment in private clinic during the last 6 months | |||||
Non | 112 (15.3) | 463 (63.4) | 23 (3.2) | 26 (3.6) | 624 (85.5) |
One visit | 17 (2.3) | 51 (7) | 3 (0.4) | 7 (1) | 78 (10.7) |
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Alkhodary, A.A.; Aljunid, S.M.; Ismail, A.; Nur, A.M.; Shahar, S. Health Care Utilization and Out-of-Pocket Payments among Elderly with Cognitive Frailty in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063361
Alkhodary AA, Aljunid SM, Ismail A, Nur AM, Shahar S. Health Care Utilization and Out-of-Pocket Payments among Elderly with Cognitive Frailty in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063361
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkhodary, Ahmed Abdelmajed, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Aniza Ismail, Amrizal Muhammad Nur, and Suzana Shahar. 2022. "Health Care Utilization and Out-of-Pocket Payments among Elderly with Cognitive Frailty in Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063361