Testing the Feasibility and Potential Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Pilot Program in Urban School Youth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Theoretical Framework: Why Mindfulness Interventions May Be an Effective Way to Promote Positive Behaviors to Reduce the Risk of CO
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Procedures
2.2. Setting and Participants
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Feasibility, Fidelity, Acceptability, and Perceived Impact of Intervention
2.4.2. Psycho-Social Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Feasibility
Fidelity
3.3. Acceptability
3.4. Psychosocial Domains
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Construct | How it was Applied |
---|---|
Behavioral capability | Activities, discussions, and handouts provided didactic learning and opportunities to practice skills |
Outcome expectations | Activities and discussions highlighted the physical, mental and social health benefits of mindfulness |
Self-efficacy | Curriculum was designed to make small, incremental changes; skills were built upon each other to evolve into more complex skills |
Observational learning (modeling) | Instructor (of similar racial/ethnic background as participants), demonstrated role-modeled behavior and skills |
Reinforcement | Home challenges included to create opportunities to practice and apply newly learned skills |
Session | Mindful Eating | Yoga | Mindfulness | Home Challenge |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Crunch contest | Back to Mountain Yoga | Mindfulness of Sound; Mindful breathing | Mindful Breathing |
2 | Raisin exercise | Basic yoga poses | Mindfulness of Sound; My Mindful/Mindless Life; Body Scan | Mindful Breathing |
3 | Big vs. small bites | Yoga string spider web | The Big Event activity | Mindful eating at home |
4 | Learning to eat mindfully | Mindful positions & chime activity | My mind is a cast of characters activity | Mindful eating at home |
5 | Pairing foods to change flavor | Name the Yoga Pose activity | Mindfulness-of-feelings | Practice mindfulness of feelings activity |
6 | Triggers in my eating environment | Rock, Tree, Bridge activity | How does it feel? & Surfing the waves activities | Practice mindfulness of feelings activity |
7 | Hunger cues, sensory triggers, and awareness | Tall tree, small tree activity | “A Stressed-Out Case” Cross the line activity | Mindful yoga/stretching |
8 | Identify two mindful eating skills that I can apply to my everyday life | When the Big Wind Blows activity | Healthy mind habits & Practicing Meanness activities | Do something nice for yourself |
9 | Raisin activity | Yoga, Yoga, Pose! activity | Short mindfulness practice | Mindful yoga/stretching |
10 | Mindful meal celebration | Yoga freeze dance, hula hoop race | Designed to “re-mind” art project activity | Youths were given an anchor charm as a reminder to stay “grounded”, a yoga mat to continue practicing yoga, and a postcard with mindfulness messages. |
Experimental (%) | Control (%) | X2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 48.0 | 44.0 | 0.081 | NS |
Female | 52.0 | 56.0 | |||
Age (years) | 9 | 12.5 | 28.0 | 8.876 | NS |
10 | 79.2 | 40.0 | |||
11 | 4.2 | 28.0 | |||
12 | 4.2 | 4.0 | |||
Race | Black | 88.0 | 84.0 | 2.023 | NS |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 4.0 | 0.0 | |||
Mixed Race | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||
No response | 4.0 | 12.0 | |||
Ethnicity | Hispanic or Latino | 8.0 | 16.0 | 0.762 | NS |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 88.0 | 80.0 | |||
No response | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||
Family members at participant’s home | Mom or Dad | 80.0 | 68.0 | 3.061 | NS |
Aunt or Uncle | 0.0 | 4.0 | |||
Grandma or Grandpa | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
Multiple Family Members | 16.0 | 28.0 | |||
No response | 4.0 | 0.0 | |||
Healthy consumption of fruits and vegetables a | 5 or more times per day in the past 7 days | 30.0 | 23.8 | 0.200 | NS |
Less than 5 times per day in past 7 days | 70.0 | 76.2 | |||
Healthy physical activity levels b | 60 min/day, 7 days/week or more | 40.0 | 24.0 | 1.471 | NS |
Less than 60 min/day, 7 days/week | 60.0 | 76.0 |
Experimental | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale Domain | Baseline | Post | Baseline | Post | p-Value * |
MEQ | |||||
Awareness | 21.44 (5.18) | 21.67 (4.73) | 19.00 (6.09) | 19.95 (5.88) | NS |
External | 17.84 (7.31) | 19.56 (6.89) | 15.96 (4.77) | 17.85 (4.04) | NS |
Distraction | 10.28 (4.04) | 10.44 (2.10) | 10.80 (3.27) | 11.05(3.25) | NS |
Composite Score | 49.56 (11.37) | 51.67 (6.37) | 45.76 (8.63) | 48.85 (6.39) | NS |
ARQ | |||||
Confidence | 28.40 (5.66) | 28.41 (3.11) | 23.04 (7.15) | 28.30 (3.76) | 0.01 |
Emotion | 20.04 (5.19) | 19.04 (6.17) | 17.16 (5.15) | 19.35 (5.83) | NS |
Negative | 13.92 (4.08) | 18.93 (5.14) | 15.80 (5.58) | 20.65 (4.49) | NS |
Social | 9.36 (3.94) | 9.54 (3.61) | 7.12 (2.62) | 9.45 (2.80) | NS |
Empathy | 12.28 (3.57) | 12.46 (3.11) | 12.04 (4.07) | 12.90 (3.32) | NS |
Composite Score | 84.00 (13.18) | 88.79 (15.49) | 75.16 (14.19) | 90.65 (13.67) | 0.01 |
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Krebs, S.; Moak, E.; Muhammadi, S.; Forbes, D.; Yeh, M.-C.; Leung, M.M. Testing the Feasibility and Potential Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Pilot Program in Urban School Youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063464
Krebs S, Moak E, Muhammadi S, Forbes D, Yeh M-C, Leung MM. Testing the Feasibility and Potential Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Pilot Program in Urban School Youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063464
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrebs, Sabrina, Emily Moak, Shakiba Muhammadi, David Forbes, Ming-Chin Yeh, and May May Leung. 2022. "Testing the Feasibility and Potential Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Pilot Program in Urban School Youth" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063464