Smartphone Addiction Prevalence and Its Association on Academic Performance, Physical Health, and Mental Well-Being among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factors of Smartphone Addiction
3. Impacts of Smartphone Addiction
4. Aims
5. Methods
5.1. Study Design and Data Collection
5.2. Study Measures
5.2.1. Sociodemographic
5.2.2. Smartphones Use Data
5.2.3. Academic and Physical Health Information
5.2.4. Smartphone Addiction
5.2.5. Mental Well-Being
5.3. Data Analysis
6. Results
6.1. Demographic
6.2. Smartphone Ownership, Daily Use, and Purpose of Use
6.3. Smartphone Addiction Prevalence
6.4. Academic, Physical Health and Mental Well-Being
6.5. Associations of Sociodemographic with Smartphone Addiction
6.6. Associations of Smartphone Use Data with Smartphone Addiction
6.7. Comparison of Academic, Physical Health and Mental Well-Being between Smartphone-Addicted and Non-Addicted Groups
7. Discussion
7.1. Smartphone Addiction Prevalence
7.2. Sociodemographic and Smartphone Addiction
7.3. Smartphone Use Data and Smartphone Addiction
7.4. Academic Performance, Physical Health, Mental Well-Being and Smartphone Addiction
8. Implications
- Establish recreational services which encourage university students to engage in other leisure activities than their smartphone;
- Develop and implement various educational programs which raise awareness about smartphone addiction among university students;
- Develop policies and guidelines limiting the usage of smartphones during lectures;
- Establish free and accessible sports facilities in all universities.
9. Recommendations for Further Research
- Longitudinal studies to explain and confirm the causal relationship between the main factors predicted smartphone addiction in this study;
- Extending this undergraduate research to include postgraduates would advance an understanding of smartphone addiction across more comprehensive university settings in Saudi Arabia;
- Further studies are also required to interrogate why certain groups of university cohorts, for example female students, are more vulnerable to smartphone addiction.
10. Limitations
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | (%) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 248 | (45.5) |
Female | 297 | (54.5) |
Age a | ||
≤21 | 217 | (39.8) |
22–23 | 198 | (36.3) |
≥24 | 130 | (23.9) |
Gainfully Employment Status b | ||
Full/Part-time employed | 80 | (14.7) |
Unemployed | 465 | (85.3) |
Family Monthly Income c | ||
Low income (<10,000 SAR) | 320 | (58.7) |
Average income (10,000–15,000 SAR) | 118 | (21.7) |
High income (>15,000 SAR) | 107 | (19.6) |
Marital Status b | ||
Single | 470 | (86.2) |
Married | 64 | (11.7) |
Others including divorced and widowed | 11 | (2.0) |
Family Size a | ||
Small (≤4) | 122 | (22.2) |
Average (5–7) | 198 | (36.5) |
Large (≥8) | 225 | (41.3) |
Semesters of Study a | ||
≤4 | 142 | (26.1) |
5–8 | 307 | (56.3) |
≥9 | 96 | (17.6) |
n | (%) | |
---|---|---|
Years of Smartphone Ownership a | ||
≤4 | 73 | (13.4) |
5–8 | 277 | (50.8) |
≥9 | 195 | (35.8) |
Average of Hours Using Smartphone Daily a | ||
Average use (≤5) | 192 | (35.2) |
More than average (6–10) | 234 | (42.9) |
Higher than average (≥11) | 119 | (21.8) |
Never and Rarely | Occasionally | Frequently and Always | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Social networking | 29 | (5.3) | 66 | (12.1) | 450 | (82.6) |
Entertainment | 50 | (9.2) | 134 | (24.6) | 361 | (66.2) |
Web surfing | 81 | (14.9) | 139 | (25.5) | 325 | (59.6) |
Eduction | 122 | (22.4) | 182 | (33.4) | 241 | (44.2) |
Games | 193 | (35.4) | 129 | (23.7) | 223 | (40.9) |
Shopping | 177 | (32.5) | 150 | (27.5) | 218 | (40.0) |
Map, navigation | 169 | (31.0) | 180 | (33.0) | 196 | (36.0) |
Phone calls/text messages | 161 | (29.5) | 202 | (37.1) | 182 | (33.4) |
Health | 173 | (31.7) | 198 | (36.3) | 174 | (31.9) |
Religion | 164 | (30.1) | 240 | (44.0) | 141 | (25.9) |
n | (%) | |
---|---|---|
Overall Grade Point Average | ||
Excellent (3.50–4.00) | 132 | (24.2) |
Very Good (2.75–3.49) | 194 | (35.6) |
Good (1.75–2.74) | 162 | (29.7) |
Pass (≤1.74) | 57 | (10.5) |
Physical Activity | ||
I do not currently exercise | 159 | (29.2) |
I exercise sometimes | 329 | (60.4) |
I exercise regularly | 57 | (10.5) |
Average of Sleep Hours | ||
≤6 h (Not Recommended) | 178 | (32.7) |
7–9 h (Recommended) | 288 | (52.8) |
≥10 (Not Recommended) | 79 | (14.5) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||
Underweight (≤18.4) | 80 | (14.7) |
Healthy weight (18.5–24.9) | 260 | (47.7) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 129 | (23.7) |
Obese (≥30.0) | 76 | (13.9) |
Experienced Pain | ||
Shoulder | ||
Yes | 197 | (36.1) |
No | 348 | (63.9) |
Eyes | ||
Yes | 315 | (57.8) |
No | 230 | (42.2) |
Neck | ||
Yes | 334 | (61.3) |
No | 211 | (38.7) |
Hands | ||
Yes | 270 | (49.5) |
No | 275 | (50.5) |
Mental Well-Being (Kessler-6) | ||
Probable serious mental illness | 142 | (26.1) |
No Probable serious mental illness | 403 | (74.9) |
OR | 95% CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Age | ||||
<21 vs. ≥24 | 2.64 | 1.75 | 4.00 | 0.001 |
Gainfully Employment Status | ||||
Unemployed vs. full time/part time employed | 2.22 | 1.35 | 3.66 | 0.002 |
Family Monthly Income | ||||
High income (SAR 15,000) vs. low income < (SAR 10,000) | 1.74 | 1.03 | 2.92 | 0.037 |
Family Size | ||||
Small ≤ 4 vs. large ≥ 8 | 1.76 | 1.08 | 2.87 | 0.022 |
OR | 95% CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Average of Hours Using Smartphone Daily | ||||
More than avarage (6–10) vs. average use ≤ 5 h | 2.26 | 1.47 | 3.47 | 0.001 |
More higher than average ≥ 11 vs. average use ≤ 5 h | 6.98 | 3.62 | 13.48 | 0.001 |
Purpose of Use | ||||
Entertainment | 1.43 | 1.16 | 1.76 | 0.001 |
Social networking | 1.71 | 1.37 | 2.13 | 0.001 |
Non-Smartphone-Addicted | Smartphone-Addicted | df | X2(545) | p | Effect Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||
Overall Grade Point Average | 3 | 14.97 | 0.002 | 0.166 | ||||
Excellent (3.50–4.00) | 47 | (26.1) | 85 | (23.3) | ||||
Very Good (2.75–3.49) | 72 | (40.0) | 122 | (33.4) | ||||
Good (1.75–2.74) | 55 | (30.6) | 107 | (29.3) | ||||
Pass (≤1.74) | 6 | (3.3) | 51 | (14.0) | ||||
Exercise Activity | 2 | 12.93 | 0.002 | 0.154 | ||||
I do not currently exercise | 35 | (19.4) | 124 | (34.0) | ||||
I exercise sometimes | 121 | (67.2) | 208 | (57.0) | ||||
I exercise regularly | 24 | (13.3) | 33 | (9.0) | ||||
Average of Sleep Hours | 2 | 7.17 | 0.028 | 0.115 | ||||
≤6 | 45 | (25.0) | 133 | (36.4) | ||||
7–9 | 106 | (58.9) | 182 | (49.9) | ||||
≥10 | 29 | (16.1) | 50 | (13.7) | ||||
BMI | 2 | 6.13 | 0.046 | 0.106 | ||||
Underweight (≤18.4) | 27 | (15.0) | 53 | (14.5) | ||||
Healthy weight (18.5–24.9) | 98 | (54.4) | 162 | (44.4) | ||||
Overweight/Obese (≥25.0) | 55 | (30.6) | 150 | (41.1) | ||||
Experienced Pain | ||||||||
Shoulder | 1 | 4.00 | 0.036 | 0.090 | ||||
Yes | 54 | (30.0) | 143 | (39.2) | ||||
No | 126 | (70.0) | 222 | (60.8) | ||||
Eyes | 1 | 8.74 | 0.003 | 0.127 | ||||
Yes | 88 | (48.9) | 227 | (62.2) | ||||
No | 92 | (51.1) | 138 | (37.8) | ||||
Neck | 1 | 19.00 | 0.001 | 0.187 | ||||
Yes | 87 | (48.3) | 247 | (67.7) | ||||
No | 93 | (51.7) | 228 | (32.3) | ||||
Hands | 1 | 1.26 | 0.261 | -- | ||||
Yes | 83 | (46.1) | 187 | (51.2) | ||||
No | 97 | (53.9) | 178 | (48.8) | ||||
Mental Illness (Kessler-6) | 1 | 12.29 | 0.001 | 0.150 | ||||
Probable serious mental illness | 30 | (16.7) | 112 | (30.7) | ||||
No Probable serious mental illness | 150 | (83.3) | 253 | (69.3) |
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Alotaibi, M.S.; Fox, M.; Coman, R.; Ratan, Z.A.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Smartphone Addiction Prevalence and Its Association on Academic Performance, Physical Health, and Mental Well-Being among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063710
Alotaibi MS, Fox M, Coman R, Ratan ZA, Hosseinzadeh H. Smartphone Addiction Prevalence and Its Association on Academic Performance, Physical Health, and Mental Well-Being among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063710
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlotaibi, Mohammad Saud, Mim Fox, Robyn Coman, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, and Hassan Hosseinzadeh. 2022. "Smartphone Addiction Prevalence and Its Association on Academic Performance, Physical Health, and Mental Well-Being among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063710