Migration and Removal of Labile Cadmium Contaminants in Paddy Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation without Changing Soil pH
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Electrokinetic Experiment Setup
2.3. Citric Acid Preacidification Enhancement Experiment
2.4. Analysis and Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Electric Current, Soil Moisture Content, and Soil pH Variation
3.2. Migration and Redistribution of Cd during EKR process
3.3. Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Soil
3.4. Changes in Total Cd during EKR process
3.5. Citric Acid Preacidification Enhancement EKR Technology
4. Discussion
4.1. Mechanisms and Functions of EKR with Polarity Reversal
4.2. Effects of Soil Moisture on Electrokinetic Remediation
4.3. In Situ Electrokinetic-Assisted Phytoremediation Technology
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Voltage Gradient (V cm−1) | Duration (d) | Periodic Power/Day | Polarity Reversal Frequency (h) | Soil Moisture Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Cycles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EKR 1.0 | 1.0 | 14 | 10 h ON/14 h OFF | 24 | Two AWD cycles |
EKR 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
EKR 0.5 | 0.5 | ||||
EKRC 1.0 | 1.0 | 6 | 10 h ON/14 h OFF | 24 | One AWD cycle |
EKRC 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
EKRC 0.5 | 0.5 |
Soil Section | Treatment | Intensity Variation (mA) | Finial pH | Final F1-Cd Concentration (mg kg−1) | Finial Total Cd Concentration (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | EKRC 1.0 | 459~807 | 6.25 ± 0.065 ab | 0.195 ± 0.022 a | 0.597 ± 0.015 c |
EKRC 0.8 | 6.19 ± 0.040 b | 0.183 ± 0.012 a | 0.662 ± 0.015 b | ||
EKRC 0.5 | 6.33 ± 0.035 a | 0.180 ± 0.014 a | 0.724 ± 0.011 a | ||
S2 | EKRC 1.0 | 368~647 | 6.50 ± 0.050 a | 0.490 ± 0.019 a | 1.151 ± 0.020 a |
EKRC 0.8 | 6.51 ± 0.080 a | 0.421 ± 0.019 b | 1.048 ± 0.011 b | ||
EKRC 0.5 | 6.65 ± 0.140 a | 0.332 ± 0.012 c | 0.960 ± 0.018 c | ||
S3 | EKRC 1.0 | 241~426 | 6.21 ± 0.087 a | 0.196 ± 0.009 a | 0.582 ± 0.010 b |
EKRC 0.8 | 6.34 ± 0.087 a | 0.192 ± 0.015 a | 0.643 ± 0.018 a | ||
EKRC 0.5 | 6.21 ± 0.070 a | 0.194 ± 0.022 a | 0.667 ± 0.016 a |
Treatment | the Mass of Increased Cd in S2 Section (kg) | |
---|---|---|
EKRC 1.0 | 2.51 × 10−3 | 0.400 |
EKRC 0.8 | 1.79 × 10−3 | 0.360 |
EKRC 0.5 | 1.17 × 10−3 | 0.230 |
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Luan, Y.; Xu, J.; Zhou, J.; Wang, H.; Han, F.; Wang, K.; Lv, Y. Migration and Removal of Labile Cadmium Contaminants in Paddy Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation without Changing Soil pH. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073812
Luan Y, Xu J, Zhou J, Wang H, Han F, Wang K, Lv Y. Migration and Removal of Labile Cadmium Contaminants in Paddy Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation without Changing Soil pH. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073812
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuan, Yajun, Junzeng Xu, Jing Zhou, Haiyu Wang, Fengxiang Han, Kechun Wang, and Yuping Lv. 2022. "Migration and Removal of Labile Cadmium Contaminants in Paddy Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation without Changing Soil pH" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073812