Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Type of Study
2.2. Population and Sample
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Data Collection Instruments and Procedures
2.5. Data Analysis Procedures
2.6. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | % | Low Cognitive Reappraisal | High Emotional Suppression | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | P | p-Value * | PR | 95% CI | N | P | p-Value * | PR | 95% CI | ||
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||||
Sexual identity | |||||||||||
Heterosexual (435) | 42.9 | 198 | 45.5 | 0.623 | 1.00 | - | 235 | 54.0 | <0.001 | 1.00 | - |
Non-heterosexual (580) | 57.1 | 255 | 44.0 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.11 | 243 | 41.9 | 0.78 | 0.68–0.88 | ||
Age group | |||||||||||
18–29 years old (418) | 41.2 | 165 | 39.5 | 0.006 | 1.00 | - | 202 | 48.3 | 0.511 | 1.00 | - |
30 years old or more (597) | 58.8 | 288 | 48.2 | 1.22 | 1.06–1.41 | 276 | 46.2 | 0.96 | 0.84–1.09 | ||
Schooling | |||||||||||
Elementary School (66) | 6.5 | 36 | 54.5 | 0.094 | 1.24 | 0.98–1.57 | 35 | 46.7 | 0.318 | 1.14 | 0.90–1.44 |
High School/Higher Education (949) | 93.5 | 417 | 43.9 | 1.00 | - | 443 | 53.0 | 1.00 | - | ||
Ethnicity | |||||||||||
White (363) | 35.8 | 172 | 47.4 | 0.188 | 1.00 | - | 159 | 43.8 | 0.117 | 1.00 | - |
Non-white (652) | 64.2 | 281 | 43.1 | 0.91 | 0.79–1.05 | 319 | 48.9 | 1.12 | 0.97–1.29 | ||
Monthly income ** | |||||||||||
Up to 2 wages (445) | 43.8 | 185 | 41.6 | 0.083 | 1.13 | 0.98–1.30 | 231 | 51.9 | 0.007 | 0.83 | 0.73–0.95 |
3 or more wages (570) | 56.2 | 268 | 59.2 | 1.00 | - | 247 | 43.3 | 1.00 | - | ||
Living alone | |||||||||||
No (801) | 78.9 | 357 | 44.6 | 0.939 | 1.00 | - | 390 | 48.7 | 0.049 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (214) | 21.1 | 96 | 44.9 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.19 | 88 | 41.1 | 0.84 | 0.71–1.01 | ||
Occupational characteristics | |||||||||||
Work situation | |||||||||||
Working (736) | 72.5 | 336 | 45.7 | 0.288 | 1.00 | - | 339 | 46.1 | 0.284 | 1.00 | - |
Not working (279) | 27.5 | 117 | 41.9 | 0.92 | 0.78–1.08 | 139 | 49.8 | 1.08 | 0.94–1.25 | ||
Employment contract (N = 736) | |||||||||||
Formal (483) | 65.6 | 231 | 47.8 | 0.102 | 1.00 | - | 225 | 46.6 | 0.693 | 1.00 | - |
Informal (105) | 34.4 | 105 | 41.5 | 0.87 | 0.73–1.03 | 114 | 45.1 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 |
Variables | % | Low Cognitive Reappraisal | High Emotional Suppression | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | P | p-Value * | PR | 95% CI | N | P | p-Value * | PR | 95% CI | ||
Coping characteristics | |||||||||||
Use of the SUS (N = 978) | |||||||||||
Not exclusive (611) | 62.5 | 282 | 46.2 | 0.202 | 1.00 | - | 309 | 50.6 | 0.002 | 1.00 | - |
Exclusive (367) | 37.5 | 154 | 42.0 | 0.91 | 0.78–1.05 | 148 | 40.3 | 0.80 | 0.69–0.92 | ||
Support to cope with the pandemic: Health Care (386) | |||||||||||
Yes (53) | 13.7 | 29 | 54.7 | 0.269 | 1.00 | - | 24 | 45.3 | 0.845 | 1.00 | - |
No (333) | 86.3 | 155 | 46.5 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 | 146 | 43.8 | 0.97 | 0.70–1.33 | ||
Support to cope with the pandemic: Public Security or Administration (386) | |||||||||||
Yes (76) | 19.7 | 40 | 52.6 | 0.334 | 1.00 | - | 43 | 56.6 | 0.014 | 1.00 | - |
No (310) | 80.3 | 144 | 46.5 | 0.88 | 0.69–1.13 | 127 | 41.0 | 0.72 | 0.57–0.92 | ||
Support to cope with the pandemic: family/friends (386) | |||||||||||
Yes (301) | 78.2 | 138 | 45.8 | 0.148 | 1.00 | - | 124 | 41.2 | 0.043 | 1.00 | - |
No (84) | 21.8 | 46 | 54.8 | 1.19 | 0.95–1.50 | 45 | 53.6 | 1.30 | 1.02–1.65 | ||
Strategy to facilitate coping: leisure activity (N = 994) | |||||||||||
Yes (971) | 97.7 | 438 | 45.1 | 0.325 | 1.00 | - | 460 | 47.4 | 0.711 | 1.00 | - |
No (23) | 2.3 | 8 | 34.8 | 1.01 | 0.86–1.18 | 10 | 43.5 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.11 | ||
Strategy to facilitate coping: physical activity (N = 994) | |||||||||||
Yes (313) | 31.5 | 438 | 52.4 | 0.001 | 1.00 | - | 137 | 43.8 | 0.133 | 1.00 | - |
No (681) | 68.5 | 8 | 41.4 | 0.79 | 0.69–0.91 | 333 | 48.9 | 1.11 | 0.96–1.29 | ||
Strategy to facilitate coping: work activity (N = 994) | |||||||||||
Yes (490) | 49.3 | 222 | 45.3 | 0.785 | 1.00 | - | 214 | 43.7 | 0.025 | 1.00 | - |
No (504) | 50.7 | 224 | 44.4 | 0.98 | 0.85–1.13 | 256 | 50.8 | 1.16 | 1.02–1.33 | ||
Attitudes: Social distancing | |||||||||||
Yes (924) | 91.0 | 409 | 44.3 | 0.454 | 1.00 | - | 428 | 46.3 | 0.116 | 1.00 | - |
No (91) | 9.0 | 44 | 48.4 | 1.09 | 0.87–1.37 | 50 | 54.9 | 1.19 | 0.97–1.45 | ||
Attitudes: Hand hygiene | |||||||||||
Yes (957) | 94.3 | 433 | 45.2 | 0.109 | 1.00 | - | 450 | 47.0 | 0.853 | 1.00 | - |
No (58) | 5.7 | 20 | 34.5 | 0.76 | 0.53–1.09 | 28 | 48.3 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.35 | ||
Attitudes: Food sanitation | |||||||||||
Yes (637) | 62.8 | 296 | 46.5 | 0.126 | 1.00 | - | 287 | 45.1 | 0.091 | 1.00 | - |
No (378) | 37.2 | 157 | 41.5 | 0.89 | 0.77–1.03 | 191 | 50.5 | 1.12 | 0.98–1.28 | ||
Attitudes: Home environment sanitation | |||||||||||
Yes (661) | 65.1 | 309 | 46.7 | 0.064 | 1.00 | - | 306 | 46.3 | 0.485 | 1.00 | - |
No (354) | 34.9 | 144 | 40.7 | 0.87 | 0.75–1.01 | 172 | 48.6 | 1.05 | 0.92–1.20 | ||
Attitudes: Use of alcohol gel | |||||||||||
Yes (794) | 78.2 | 373 | 47.0 | 0.004 | 1.00 | - | 381 | 48.0 | 0.281 | 1.00 | - |
No (221) | 21.8 | 80 | 36.2 | 0.77 | 0.64–0.93 | 97 | 43.9 | 0.91 | 0.77–1.08 | ||
Attitudes: Use of mask | |||||||||||
Yes (240) | 23.6 | 110 | 45.8 | 0.668 | 1.00 | - | 118 | 49.2 | 0.462 | 1.00 | - |
No (775) | 76.4 | 343 | 44.3 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.13 | 360 | 46.5 | 0.94 | 0.81–1.10 | ||
Reasons for concern: | |||||||||||
Concern about social contact distancing (N = 977) | |||||||||||
No (394) | 40.3 | 157 | 39.8 | 0.027 | 1.00 | - | 198 | 50.3 | 0.082 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (583) | 59.7 | 274 | 47.0 | 1.18 | 1.01–1.37 | 260 | 44.6 | 0.89 | 0.78–1.01 | ||
Concern about lack of physical activity (N = 977) | |||||||||||
No (560) | 45.2 | 253 | 42.7 | 0.438 | 1.00 | - | 249 | 44.5 | 0.080 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (417) | 42.7 | 178 | 44.1 | 0.94 | 0.82–1.09 | 209 | 50.1 | 1.13 | 0.99–1.29 | ||
Concern about the situation of the love relationship (N = 977) | |||||||||||
No (846) | 86.6 | 379 | 44.8 | 0.274 | 1.00 | - | 408 | 48.2 | 0.032 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (131) | 13.4 | 52 | 39.7 | 0.89 | 0.71–1.11 | 50 | 38.2 | 0.79 | 0.62–0.99 | ||
Concern about the emotional situation (N = 977) | |||||||||||
No (578) | 59.2 | 267 | 46.2 | 0.115 | 1.00 | - | 287 | 49.7 | 0.036 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (399) | 40.8 | 164 | 411 | 0.89 | 0.77–1.03 | 171 | 42.9 | 0.86 | 0.75–0.99 |
n | P | p-Value * | PR | 95% CI | N | P | p-Value * | PR | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive emotions | |||||||||||
Yes (464) | 45.7 | 245 | 52.8 | <0.001 | 1.00 | - | 210 | 45.3 | 0.282 | 1.00 | - |
No (551) | 54.3 | 208 | 37.7 | 0.71 | 0.62–0.82 | 283 | 48.6 | 1.07 | 0.94–1.22 | ||
Negative emotions | |||||||||||
No (173) | 17.0 | 86 | 49.7 | 0.140 | 1.00 | - | 95 | 54.9 | 0.024 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (842) | 83.0 | 367 | 43.6 | 0.88 | 0.74–1.04 | 383 | 45.5 | 0.83 | 0.71–0.97 | ||
Positive feelings | |||||||||||
Yes (606) | 59.7 | 314 | 51.8 | <0.001 | 1.00 | - | 272 | 44.9 | 0.086 | 1.00 | - |
No (409) | 40.3 | 139 | 34.0 | 0.66 | 0.56–0.77 | 206 | 50.4 | 1.12 | 0.98–1.28 | ||
Negative feelings | |||||||||||
No (506) | 49.9 | 242 | 47.8 | 0.041 | 1.00 | - | 245 | 48.4 | 0.399 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (509) | 50.1 | 211 | 41.5 | 0.87 | 0.76–0.99 | 233 | 45.8 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.08 | ||
Safety needs | |||||||||||
No (385) | 37.9 | 162 | 42.1 | 0.201 | 1.00 | - | 385 | 37.9 | 0.181 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (630) | 62.1 | 291 | 46.2 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.27 | 630 | 62.1 | 1.10 | 0.96–1.26 | ||
Physiological needs | |||||||||||
No (690) | 68.0 | 298 | 43.2 | 0.178 | 1.00 | - | 318 | 46.1 | 0.349 | 1.00 | - |
Yes (325) | 32.0 | 155 | 47.7 | 1.10 | 0.96–1.27 | 160 | 49.2 | 1.07 | 0.93–1.22 |
Variables | Low Cognitive Reappraisal | High Emotional Suppression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 a | |||||
PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |
Sexual identity | ||||||
Heterosexual | 1.00 | - | ||||
Non-heterosexual | 0.78 | 0.62–0.97 | ||||
Age group | ||||||
18–29 years old | 1.00 | - | ||||
30 years old or more | 1.24 | 1.08–1.44 | ||||
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 1.00 | - | ||||
Non-white | 1.36 | 1.06–1.75 | ||||
Support to cope with the pandemic: Public Security or Administration | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | - | ||||
No | 0.68 | 0.54–0.85 | ||||
Strategy to facilitate coping: physical activity | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
No | 0.83 | 0.72–0.96 | 0.80 | 0.69–0.95 | ||
Attitudes: Food sanitation | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | - | ||||
No | 1.31 | 1.05–1.64 | ||||
Concern about social contact distancing | ||||||
No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
Yes | 1.17 | 1.01–1.35 | 1.22 | 1.03–1.44 | ||
Concern about lack of physical activity | ||||||
No | 1.00 | - | ||||
Yes | 1.37 | 1.10–1.72 | ||||
Concern about the emotional situation | ||||||
No | 1.00 | - | ||||
Yes | 0.83 | 0.70–0.98 | ||||
Positive emotions | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
No | 0.81 | 0.70–0.94 | 0.79 | 0.66–0.93 | ||
Negative emotions | ||||||
No | 1.00 | - | ||||
Yes | 0.71 | 0.55–0.93 | ||||
Positive feelings | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
No | 0.72 | 0.61–0.85 | 0.78 | 0.65–0.95 | ||
AIC | 1.5882 | 1.6272 | 1.5916 |
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Teixeira, J.R.B.; Sousa, A.R.d.; Silva Palma, E.M.; Moreira, W.C.; Santana, T.d.S.; Barreto, N.M.P.V.; de Moura, M.A.; Vergara-Escobar, O.J.; Fabián José, O.Y.; Souza Pereira, G.; et al. Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073877
Teixeira JRB, Sousa ARd, Silva Palma EM, Moreira WC, Santana TdS, Barreto NMPV, de Moura MA, Vergara-Escobar OJ, Fabián José OY, Souza Pereira G, et al. Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073877
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeixeira, Jules Ramon Brito, Anderson Reis de Sousa, Emanuel Missias Silva Palma, Wanderson Carneiro Moreira, Thiago da Silva Santana, Nilo Manoel Pereira Vieira Barreto, Maciel Alves de Moura, Oscar Javier Vergara-Escobar, Oscar Yovani Fabián José, Gildásio Souza Pereira, and et al. 2022. "Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073877