Dietary Supplement Use during Pregnancy: Perceptions versus Reality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Method
2.2. Recruitment
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Dietary Supplements
2.3.2. Types of Dietary Supplements Used
2.3.3. Perception of Dietary Supplements
2.3.4. General Demographic Information and Pregnancy Information
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Use of Dietary Supplements
3.3. Repeated Supplementation of Nutrients
3.4. Information Sources and Purchase Channels
3.5. Pregnant Women’s Perceptions of Dietary Supplement Use
3.6. Factors Associated with the Use of Multiple Dietary Supplements
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types of Dietary Supplements Used (n,%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n (%) | 0 | 1–3 | 4–6 | χ2 | p |
Total | 572 (100%) | 30 (5.2) | 372 (65.0) | 170 (29.8) | ||
Age (years) * | 7.796 | 0.091 | ||||
≤25 | 74 (13.0) | 8 (10.8) | 51 (68.9) | 15 (20.3) | ||
26–35 | 437 (76.6) | 20 (4.6) | 284 (65.0) | 133 (30.4) | ||
36–45 | 59 (10.4) | 2 (3.4) | 36 (61.0) | 21 (35.6) | ||
Educational level * | 14.072 | 0.005 | ||||
Junior high school and below | 33 (5.8) | 4 (12.1) | 25 (75.8) | 4 (12.1) | ||
High school | 74 (13.0) | 7 (9.5) | 51 (68.9) | 16 (21.6) | ||
Bachelor degree and above | 461 (81.2) | 19 (4.2) | 292 (63.3) | 150 (32.5) | ||
Employed during pregnancy * | 2.256 | 0.314 | ||||
Yes | 484 (85.1) | 23 (4.8) | 314 (64.9) | 147 (30.3) | ||
No | 85 (14.9) | 7 (8.2) | 56 (65.9) | 22 (25.9) | ||
Household register * | 1.328 | 0.515 | ||||
Rural area | 269 (47.2) | 17 (6.3) | 175 (65.1) | 77 (28.6) | ||
Urban | 301 (52.8) | 13 (4.3) | 195 (64.8) | 93 (30.9) | ||
Income (RMB/month) * | 12.480 | 0.014 | ||||
2000–5999 | 97 (17.4) | 8 (8.2) | 71 (73.2) | 18 (18.6) | ||
6000–9999 | 213 (38.2) | 15 (7.0) | 128 (60.1) | 70 (32.9) | ||
≥10,000 | 247 (44.4) | 7 (2.8) | 161 (65.2) | 79 (32.0) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI * | 3.311 | 0.507 | ||||
Underweight | 97 (17.1) | 3 (3.1) | 59 (60.8) | 35 (36.1) | ||
Healthy weight | 402 (70.9) | 23 (5.7) | 267 (66.4) | 112 (27.9) | ||
Overweight/Obese | 68 (12.0) | 4 (5.9) | 43 (63.2) | 21 (30.9) | ||
Gestational stage | 48.037 | <0.001 | ||||
First trimester | 123 (21.5) | 4 (3.3) | 112 (91.1) | 7 (5.6) | ||
Second trimester | 323 (56.5) | 19 (5.9) | 188 (58.2) | 116 (35.9) | ||
Third trimester | 126 (22.0) | 7 (5.6) | 72 (57.1) | 47 (37.3) | ||
Number of fetuses | 3.685 | 0.148 | ||||
1 | 543 (94.9) | 30 (5.5) | 356 (65.6) | 157 (28.9) | ||
≥2 | 29 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (55.2) | 13 (44.8) | ||
Way of pregnancy * | 9.887 | 0.005 | ||||
Natural | 503 (90.6) | 29 (5.8) | 332 (66.0) | 142 (28.2) | ||
ART | 52 (9.4) | 1 (1.9) | 25 (48.1) | 26 (50.0) | ||
Number of pregnancies * | 17.673 | 0.001 | ||||
1 | 273 (48.7) | 5 (1.8) | 189 (69.2) | 79 (28.9) | ||
2 | 150 (26.7) | 15 (10.0) | 96 (64.0) | 39 (26.0) | ||
≥3 | 138 (24.6) | 10 (7.2) | 79 (57.3) | 49 (35.5) | ||
Number of deliveries * | 8.649 | 0.072 | ||||
0 | 351 (62.0) | 13 (3.7) | 225 (64.1) | 113 (32.2) | ||
1 | 194 (34.3) | 14 (7.2) | 129 (66.5) | 51 (26.3) | ||
≥2 | 21 (3.7) | 3 (14.3) | 14 (66.7) | 4 (19.0) | ||
Number of abortions * | 14.551 | 0.005 | ||||
0 | 378 (67.1) | 15 (4.0) | 261 (69.0) | 102 (27.0) | ||
1 | 122 (21.7) | 13 (10.7) | 71 (58.2) | 38 (31.1) | ||
≥2 | 63 (11.2) | 2 (3.2) | 34 (54.0) | 27 (42.8) | ||
Number of antenatal visits * | 33.833 | <0.001 | ||||
≤5 | 284 (54.0) | 18 (6.3) | 211 (74.3) | 55 (19.4) | ||
6 to 10 | 192 (36.5) | 4 (2.1) | 116 (60.4) | 72 (37.5) | ||
≥10 | 50 (9.5) | 3 (6.0) | 22 (44.0) | 25 (50.0) | ||
Planned pregnancy * | 0.826 | 0.662 | ||||
Yes | 373 (65.8) | 17 (4.6) | 243 (65.1) | 113 (30.3) | ||
No | 194 (34.2) | 12 (6.2) | 127 (65.5) | 55 (28.3) | ||
Iron deficiency anemia * | 8.948 | 0.010 | ||||
Yes | 84 (14.7) | 0 (0.0) | 52 (61.9) | 32 (38.1) | ||
No | 487 (85.3) | 30 (6.2) | 320 (65.7) | 137 (28.1) | ||
Hypothyroidism * | 12.368 | 0.002 | ||||
Yes | 72 (12.6) | 1 (1.4) | 37 (51.4) | 34 (47.2) | ||
No | 499 (87.4) | 29 (5.8) | 335 (67.1) | 135 (27.1) |
Variable | n | (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Information sources for DS | |||
Doctor | 400 | 69.9 | |
Family or friends | 286 | 50.0 | |
Network knowledge | 272 | 47.6 | |
Newspaper or magazine | 118 | 20.6 | |
Advertising | 43 | 7.6 | |
Purchase channels | |||
Hospitals | 415 | 72.6 | |
Pharmacies | 258 | 45.1 | |
Overseas Daigou or online purchases | 182 | 31.8 | |
Community | 29 | 5.1 | |
Other places | 22 | 3.8 |
Item | Approval (%) |
---|---|
DS can prevent nutrition-related diseases during pregnancy. | 89.2 |
DS can improve/treat nutrition-related diseases during pregnancy. | 78.7 |
In the case of good nutrition and health during pregnancy, there is no need to DS. | 34.8 |
In the case of malnutrition symptoms/disease during pregnancy, it is necessary to use DS. | 96.0 |
Before taking DS, it is important to have a basic understanding/knowledge of DS. | 94.1 |
Before taking DS, it is important to consult a professional nutritionist or obstetrician. | 92.3 |
DS can cause nausea, vomiting, and symptoms of constipation and indigestion. | 36.7 |
Taking DS during pregnancy is very important. | 84.3 |
I can judge from the nutrition label of the DS whether it is suitable for my own use. | 53.3 |
Variables | β | Wald χ2 | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Educational level (vs. Junior high school and below) | 11.338 | |||
High school | 1.090 | 2.362 | 2.975 (0.741, 11.947) | 0.124 |
Bachelor degree and above | 1.899 | 7.894 | 6.680 (1.776, 25.124) | 0.005 |
Gestational stage (vs. First trimester) | 24.765 | |||
Second trimester | 2.156 | 24.713 | 8.633 (3.690, 20.195) | <0.001 |
Third trimester | 1.987 | 16.105 | 7.293 (2.764, 19.248) | <0.001 |
ART conception vs. Natural conception | 1.278 | 9.298 | 3.588 (1.578, 8.158) | 0.002 |
Number of antenatal visits (vs. ≤5) | 7.142 | |||
6 to 10 | 0.510 | 4.467 | 1.665 (1.038, 2.671) | 0.035 |
≥11 | 1.004 | 5.921 | 2.728 (1.216, 6.124) | 0.015 |
Hypothyroidism (yes vs. no) | 0.658 | 4.956 | 1.931 (1.082, 3.446) | 0.026 |
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Xiang, C.; Luo, J.; Yang, G.; Sun, M.; Liu, H.; Yang, Q.; Ouyang, Y.; Xi, Y.; Yong, C.; Khan, M.J.; et al. Dietary Supplement Use during Pregnancy: Perceptions versus Reality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074063
Xiang C, Luo J, Yang G, Sun M, Liu H, Yang Q, Ouyang Y, Xi Y, Yong C, Khan MJ, et al. Dietary Supplement Use during Pregnancy: Perceptions versus Reality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074063
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiang, Caihong, Jing Luo, Guilian Yang, Minghui Sun, Hanmei Liu, Qiping Yang, Yufeng Ouyang, Yue Xi, Cuiting Yong, Muhammad Jamal Khan, and et al. 2022. "Dietary Supplement Use during Pregnancy: Perceptions versus Reality" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074063