The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Functioning of Liver Transplant Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- The Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB), used to analyze the types of social support (informational, emotional, instrumental, and evaluative). It contains 40 statements to be answered on a 5-point scale from 0—not at all, to 4—almost every day [36].
- The Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), used to determine the degree of acceptance of the disease by the patient. The questionnaire consists of eight statements concerning the negative consequences of poor health. The answers are weighted on a scale from 1 to 5. The higher the score, the higher the adaptation to disease-related limitations [37].
- The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a self-descriptive tool used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. It consists of 21 questions with 4 response options, which are scored from 0 to 3. The score was obtained by summing the point values corresponding to each statement. The results were interpreted by referring to the standardized ranges, where: 0–13 means no depression or minimal depressive symptoms, 14–19―mild depression, 20–28―moderate depression, and 29–63―severe depression [38].
- A questionnaire concerning socio-demographic data, i.e., age, sex, place of residence, education, and marital status.
The Methods of Descriptive Statistics Were Used for Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- In the study group, most support was received by women, people under 40 years of age, and those with secondary education. However, the level of social support decreased over time after the liver transplant operation. Patients who had undergone previous transplantation showed lower levels of adherence to therapeutic recommendations.
- Patients who were in a relationship showed higher levels of illness acceptance than single ones. Women were more likely to experience depressive symptoms than men.
- The time since liver transplantation is an important factor that affects patients’ functioning. This is a time when patients need more care, social support, and assistance in maintaining adherence to therapeutic recommendations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | |
---|---|
Sex | female |
male | |
gaps | |
Age group | <40 y.o. |
40–60 y.o. | |
>60 y.o. | |
Place of residence | village |
city | |
Education | primary/vocational education |
secondary | |
higher | |
Marital status | in a relationship |
single | |
Time since surgery | <1 year |
1 to 2 years | |
>2 years |
Variable | Woman (n = 57) | Men (n = 54) | t | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Level of adherence to treatment recommendations | 6.82 | 1.82 | 6.80 | 1.92 | 0.080 | 0.937 |
Social support | ||||||
Emotional support | 32.86 | 9.69 | 25.13 | 10.62 | 4.011 | <0.001 |
Informational support | 33.67 | 13.67 | 26.06 | 12.91 | 3.013 | 0.003 |
Instrumental support | 36.19 | 14.82 | 28.00 | 11.62 | 3.229 | 0.002 |
Evaluative support | 15.82 | 5.88 | 12.37 | 5.75 | 3.126 | 0.002 |
Acceptance of illness | 27.19 | 8.66 | 27.70 | 7.44 | –0.332 | 0.740 |
Depressiveness | 11.05 | 10.01 | 7.61 | 7.42 | 2.048 | 0.043 |
Variable | <40 Years (n = 22) | 40 to 60 Years (n = 54) | >60 Years (n = 36) | F | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Level of adherence to treatment recommendations | 6.45 | 1.68 | 6.85 | 1.92 | 6.97 | 1.87 | 0.552 | 0.577 |
Social support | ||||||||
Emotional support | 34.41 | 9.24 | 28.02 | 11.22 | 27.72 | 10.34 | 3.352 | 0.039 |
Informational support | 37.64 | 14.89 | 28.26 | 12.58 | 28.14 | 13.53 | 4.402 | 0.014 |
Instrumental support | 40.36 | 13.96 | 29.87 | 13.16 | 30.53 | 13.35 | 5.195 | 0.007 |
Evaluative support | 17.09 | 6.32 | 13.39 | 5.64 | 13.64 | 6.10 | 3.287 | 0.041 |
Acceptance of illness | 27.45 | 9.05 | 28.20 | 7.34 | 26.36 | 8.46 | 0.564 | 0.570 |
Depressiveness | 10.23 | 10.91 | 9.72 | 8.22 | 8.11 | 8.90 | 0.489 | 0.615 |
Variable | Village (n = 29) | City (n = 83) | t | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Level of adherence to treatment recommendations | 6.59 | 1.97 | 6.89 | 1.81 | –0.763 | 0.447 |
Social support | ||||||
Emotional support | 32.41 | 10.10 | 28.05 | 10.87 | 1.895 | 0.061 |
Informational support | 33.45 | 13.97 | 28.88 | 13.57 | 1.549 | 0.124 |
Instrumental support | 33.83 | 12.91 | 31.55 | 14.22 | 0.758 | 0.450 |
Evaluative support | 14.76 | 6.87 | 14.00 | 5.76 | 0.580 | 0.563 |
Acceptance of illness | 27.79 | 8.70 | 27.35 | 7.83 | 0.255 | 0.799 |
Depressiveness | 9.31 | 8.98 | 9.30 | 9.02 | 0.005 | 0.996 |
Variable | Primary/Vocational Education (n = 42) | Secondary (n = 48) | Higher (n = 22) | F | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Level of adherence to treatment recommendations | 6.67 | 1.96 | 6.94 | 1.67 | 6.82 | 2.08 | 0.236 | 0.790 |
Social support | ||||||||
Emotional support | 26.10 | 11.06 | 33.13 | 9.75 | 26.45 | 10.15 | 6.129 | 0.003 |
Informational support | 26.88 | 12.97 | 33.73 | 13.39 | 28.14 | 14.70 | 3.161 | 0.046 |
Instrumental support | 28.81 | 12.75 | 35.73 | 14.00 | 30.68 | 14.41 | 3.046 | 0.052 |
Evaluative support | 12.69 | 5.78 | 16.02 | 5.55 | 13.09 | 6.75 | 4.071 | 0.020 |
Acceptance of illness | 26.26 | 8.06 | 27.92 | 7.78 | 28.77 | 8.56 | 0.837 | 0.436 |
Depressiveness | 10.88 | 9.35 | 8.63 | 8.44 | 7.77 | 9.30 | 1.109 | 0.334 |
Variable | In a Relationship (n = 71) | Single (n = 41) | t | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Level of adherence to treatment recommendations | 6.76 | 1.92 | 6.90 | 1.74 | –0.389 | 0.698 | |
Social support | |||||||
Emotional support | 29.35 | 10.95 | 28.88 | 10.67 | 0.223 | 0.824 | |
Informational support | 30.34 | 13.98 | 29.59 | 13.53 | 0.278 | 0.782 | |
Instrumental support | 32.07 | 13.72 | 32.27 | 14.32 | –0.072 | 0.942 | |
Evaluative support | 13.99 | 6.27 | 14.56 | 5.69 | –0.483 | 0.630 | |
Acceptance of illness | 28.79 | 8.18 | 25.17 | 7.29 | 2.344 | 0.021 | |
Depressivenes | 8.24 | 8.29 | 11.15 | 9.88 | –1.665 | 0.099 |
Variable | <1 Year (n = 41) | 1 to 2 Years (n = 10) | >2 Years (n = 61) | F | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Level of adherence to treatment recommendations | 6.33 | 1.79 | 6.40 | 2.32 | 7.19 | 1.75 | 3.052 | 0.051 |
Social support | ||||||||
Emotional support | 31.35 | 10.59 | 31.00 | 11.48 | 27.48 | 10.71 | 1.735 | 0.181 |
Informational support | 34.38 | 13.89 | 29.60 | 14.05 | 27.35 | 13.13 | 3.302 | 0.041 |
Instrumental support | 35.05 | 15.26 | 33.20 | 14.29 | 30.10 | 12.70 | 1.598 | 0.207 |
Evaluative support | 16.45 | 5.57 | 13.50 | 7.00 | 12.85 | 5.84 | 4.662 | 0.011 |
Acceptance of illness | 26.48 | 7.22 | 26.30 | 7.41 | 28.29 | 8.62 | 0.734 | 0.483 |
Depressivenes | 9.33 | 9.28 | 10.20 | 5.98 | 9.15 | 9.27 | 0.059 | 0.943 |
Variable—Time Elapsed Since Liver Transplantation | r-Pearsona | t | p |
---|---|---|---|
Variable—time elapsed since liver transplantation | 0.31 | 3.346 | 0.001 |
Social support | |||
Emotional support | –0.26 | –2.779 | 0.006 |
Informational support | –0.31 | –3.275 | 0.001 |
Instrumental support | –0.28 | –2.916 | 0.004 |
Evaluative support | –0.35 | –3.837 | <0.001 |
Acceptance of illness | 0.07 | 0.664 | 0.508 |
Depressivenes | 0.03 | 0.282 | 0.778 |
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Kisielska, A.; Schneider-Matyka, D.; Rachubińska, K.; Ustanowski, P.; Rybicka, A.; Grochans, E. The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Functioning of Liver Transplant Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074230
Kisielska A, Schneider-Matyka D, Rachubińska K, Ustanowski P, Rybicka A, Grochans E. The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Functioning of Liver Transplant Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074230
Chicago/Turabian StyleKisielska, Agnieszka, Daria Schneider-Matyka, Kamila Rachubińska, Przemysław Ustanowski, Anita Rybicka, and Elżbieta Grochans. 2022. "The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Functioning of Liver Transplant Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074230