Suspended Sediments Quality Assessment in a Coastal River: Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Regional Background
2.2. Appraisal Methods
2.2.1. PTEs’ Pollution Assessment
2.2.2. PTEs‘ Risk Assessment
2.2.3. Particulate PTEs’ Transported Percentage
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PTEs’ Concentrations of Fluvial SPM
3.2. Appraisal of PTEs’ Pollution and Risk
3.2.1. EF and Igeo
3.2.2. The Pollution Load Index (PLI)
3.2.3. Assessment of Toxicity Risk (TRI)
3.3. Sources’ Identification of PTEs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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River | Parameter | V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JRB-Entire Basin | Min | 47.0 | 14.9 | 577.6 | 4.5 | 9.1 | 6.0 | 77.0 | 7.5 | 10.3 |
Max | 179.2 | 271.4 | 3041.7 | 23.5 | 91.0 | 98.5 | 1111.2 | 30.8 | 125.0 | |
Mean | 95.3 | 60.3 | 1245.5 | 11.0 | 33.0 | 22.0 | 338.1 | 11.2 | 70.1 | |
Median | 96.2 | 58.0 | 1127.1 | 10.3 | 31.3 | 19.3 | 309.3 | 10.8 | 70.0 | |
JRB-Beixi River | Mean | 104.1 | 62.8 | 1221.6 | 13.0 | 39.5 | 18.8 | 393.0 | 12.3 | 75.3 |
Median | 106.6 | 62.2 | 1085.2 | 13.9 | 40.1 | 18.2 | 391.7 | 11.7 | 76.2 | |
JRB-Xixi River | Mean | 76.8 | 40.3 | 1122.8 | 8.4 | 18.9 | 25.6 | 279.9 | 9.9 | 74.8 |
Median | 79.3 | 37.1 | 1029.3 | 8.1 | 18.5 | 21.7 | 258.0 | 9.8 | 69.8 | |
JRB-Nanxi River | Mean | 86.5 | 89.3 | 1671.9 | 8.4 | 34.5 | 33.9 | 228.6 | 10.0 | 48.3 |
Median | 60.0 | 35.4 | 1534.1 | 6.8 | 19.0 | 13.5 | 202.9 | 8.3 | 48.0 | |
JRB-Estuary | Mean | 100.1 | 65.1 | 1249.0 | 10.2 | 32.7 | 19.8 | 319.3 | 10.5 | 60.1 |
Median | 98.1 | 65.6 | 1311.5 | 10.5 | 31.8 | 20.4 | 307.3 | 10.5 | 61.3 | |
World River | Mean | 129 | 130 | 1679 | 22.5 | 74.5 | 75.9 | 208 | 1.6 | 61.1 |
UCC | 97 | 92 | 774.5 | 17.3 | 47 | 28 | 67 | 0.09 | 17 | |
TEL | — | 43.4 | — | — | 22.7 | 31.6 | 121 | 0.99 | 35.8 | |
PEL | — | 111 | — | — | 48.6 | 149 | 459 | 4.98 | 128 |
Rivers | V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jiulongjiang River | 96.2 | 58.0 | 1127.1 | 10.3 | 31.3 | 19.3 | 309 | 10.8 | 70.0 |
Zhujiang River | 150.5 | 147.7 | 1103.6 | — | 41.6 | 36.3 | 139 | 3.5 | 38.6 |
Mun River | 109.1 | 100.1 | 4616.7 | — | 51.0 | 27.6 | 224 | 10.7 | 14.3 |
Asia (China) river | 135.0 | 117.0 | 970.0 | 21.0 | 68.0 | 53.0 | 145 | — | 64.0 |
Asia (Russia) river | 128.0 | 260.0 | 5767.0 | 30.0 | 123.0 | 145.0 | 300 | — | 35.0 |
South American river | 131.0 | 79.0 | 700.0 | 16.0 | 46.0 | 59.0 | 184 | — | 76.0 |
North American river | 188.0 | 115.0 | 1430.0 | 15.0 | 50.0 | 34.0 | 137 | — | 22.0 |
Africa river | 116.0 | 130.0 | 1478.0 | 23.0 | 78.0 | 53.0 | 130 | — | 46.0 |
Europe river | 85.0 | 164.0 | 1884.0 | 16.0 | 66.0 | 172.0 | 346 | — | 71.0 |
World river | 129.0 | 130.0 | 1679.0 | 22.5 | 74.5 | 75.9 | 208 | 1.6 | 61.1 |
Site | CF | PLI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | |||
Beixi River | 1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 4.2 | 154.3 | 6.6 | 2.3 |
2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 103.2 | 3.5 | 1.2 | |
3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 3.4 | 109.0 | 4.0 | 1.6 | |
4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 16.6 | 342.0 | 5.6 | 3.7 | |
5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 5.9 | 136.2 | 4.4 | 2.2 | |
6 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 4.7 | 125.7 | 5.4 | 2.4 | |
7 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 8.4 | 122.7 | 4.0 | 2.7 | |
8 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 7.7 | 126.6 | 4.3 | 2.8 | |
9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 8.0 | 139.6 | 4.4 | 2.7 | |
10 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 6.5 | 133.4 | 4.6 | 2.4 | |
11 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 6.4 | 138.9 | 3.7 | 2.2 | |
12 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 6.2 | 130.0 | 5.4 | 2.4 | |
13 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 92.7 | 2.9 | 1.0 | |
14 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 6.1 | 149.0 | 5.2 | 2.3 | |
15 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 6.0 | 121.9 | 5.0 | 2.3 | |
16 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 103.0 | 2.0 | 1.3 | |
17 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 130.4 | 4.8 | 2.4 | |
18 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 133.4 | 4.8 | 2.3 | |
19 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 5.7 | 129.7 | 4.5 | 2.3 | |
20 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 127.6 | 4.5 | 2.3 | |
21 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 129.1 | 3.3 | 1.9 | |
Xixi River | 24 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 103.9 | 3.8 | 1.5 |
25 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 99.8 | 3.5 | 1.4 | |
26 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 105.6 | 3.8 | 1.6 | |
27 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 115.6 | 4.2 | 1.7 | |
28 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 7.3 | 126.2 | 7.4 | 2.4 | |
29 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 117.7 | 4.5 | 1.8 | |
30 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 98.4 | 4.0 | 1.6 | |
31 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 4.0 | 117.1 | 4.8 | 1.8 | |
32 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 4.6 | 113.3 | 4.3 | 2.0 | |
33 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 102.9 | 3.8 | 1.8 | |
Nanxi River | 34 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 83.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
35 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 95.7 | 3.0 | 1.2 | |
36 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.6 | 89.7 | 2.7 | 1.3 | |
37 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 176.6 | 5.1 | 4.2 | |
Estuary | 22 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 124.6 | 4.3 | 2.2 |
23 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 126.8 | 3.8 | 2.2 | |
38 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 116.9 | 4.0 | 2.1 | |
39 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 5.1 | 118.2 | 3.3 | 2.1 | |
40 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 3.4 | 98.6 | 2.2 | 1.6 | |
41 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 116.0 | 3.6 | 2.1 | |
42 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 113.8 | 3.6 | 2.0 |
Parameters | Unit | V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suspended phase | mg kg−1 | 96.2 | 58.0 | 1127.1 | 10.3 | 31.3 |
Dissolved phase | μg L−1 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 1.42 | 0.03 | 0.38 |
Fraction of particulate | 82.8% | 83.5% | 92.1% | 81.6% | 54.7% |
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Zeng, J.; Han, G.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Q. Suspended Sediments Quality Assessment in a Coastal River: Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074293
Zeng J, Han G, Zhang S, Zhang Q. Suspended Sediments Quality Assessment in a Coastal River: Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074293
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Jie, Guilin Han, Shitong Zhang, and Qian Zhang. 2022. "Suspended Sediments Quality Assessment in a Coastal River: Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074293