Changes in Motor Performance and BMI of Primary School Children over Time–Influence of the COVID-19 Confinement and Social Burden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Analysis Parameter
2.2.1. Anthropometric Data
2.2.2. Motor Test Items: Lateral Jumping, Standing Long Jump, 6-min Run
2.2.3. Socio-Cultural Variable: School-Based Social Index
- ▪
- Children and youth poverty-assessed by the proportion of children living in the vicinity of the primary school with parents receiving governmental financial support for jobseekers (SGB II rate);
- ▪
- The proportion of children in families whose primary language is not German;
- ▪
- The proportion of children who immigrated from abroad;
- ▪
- The proportion of children with special needs in learning, emotional and social development, or language.
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometric Data–Descriptive Presentation
3.1.1. Cohort Comparisons of BMI and BMI z Score (High Social Burden)
3.1.2. Cohort Comparison of BMI and BMI z Score Considering Social Index (Cohorts A and C)
3.2. Motor Performance
3.2.1. Lateral Jumping–Descriptive Presentation
Cohort Comparisons of Lateral Jumping (High Social Burden)
Cohort Comparison of Lateral Jumping Considering Social Index (Cohorts A and C)
3.2.2. Standing Long Jump–Descriptive Presentation
Cohort Comparisons of Standing Long Jump (High Social Burden)
Cohort Comparison of Standing Long Jump Considering Social Index (Cohorts A and C)
6-min Run–Descriptive Presentation
Cohort Comparisons of 6-min Run (High Social Burden)
Cohort Comparison of 6-min Run Considering Social Index (Cohorts A and C)
4. Discussion
Strengths and Weaknesses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Type | Definition | Cohort A | Cohort B | Cohort C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2020 | 2021 | |||
Age | Metric | Participants’ age in years at the measurement point | √ | √ | √ |
Sex | Dichotomous | Participants‘ sex, 0 = girl, 1 = boy | √ | √ | √ |
Height | Metric | Participants’ body height in cm | √ | √ | √ |
Weight | Metric | Participants’ body weight in kg | √ | √ | √ |
BMI | Metric | Participants’ body mass index (measure of weight adjusted for height) in kg/m2 | √ | √ | √ |
BMI z score | Metric | Participants’ BMI standard deviation score | √ | √ | √ |
BMI percentile | Categorial | Participants’ BMI category 1 = underweight, 2 = normal weight, 3 = overweight, 4 = obesity | √ | √ | √ |
Lateral jumps | Metric | Participants‘ number of jumps during 2 × 15 s, to assess agility and coordination | √ | √ | √ |
Standing long jump | Metric | Participants’ best of two tries (in cm), to assess the rapid strength of the lower extremities | √ | √ | √ |
6-min run | Metric | Distance (in meters) run by a participant in 6 min, aerobic endurance capacity | √ | N.A. * | √ |
Social index | Metric | Social index of each participant’s school, from 1 = very low burden to 9 = very high burden; numbers were clustered as dummy variables into 0 = low social burden (numbers 1 to 5), 1 = high social burden (numbers 6 to 9) | √ | √ | √ |
Pandemic Situation | Categorial | Participants were screened during COVID-19 pandemic situations in 2020 or 2021; 0 = no, 1 = yes | √ | √ | √ |
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects | Pairwise Comparisons | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrected Model | BMI | Age | Sex | Cohort B-A | Cohort C-A | Cohort C-B | |
p-Value (Adjusted R2) | p-Value (np2) | p-Value (np2) | p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 (0.058) | N.A. | <0.001 (0.044) | 0.362 (0.001) | Δ 0.8 (0.3) +4.9% 0.020 | Δ 0.9 (0.3) +5.4% <0.001 | Δ 0.1 (0.3) +0.5% 1.0 |
BMI z score | 0.005 (0.010) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Δ 0.2 (0.1) +48.1% 0.070 | Δ 0.3 (0.1) +71.5% <0.001 | Δ 0.1 (0.1) +15.8% 0.333 |
lateral jumps (counts) * | <0.001 (0.358) | <0.001 (0.037) | <0.001 (0.324) | 0.227 (0.002) | Δ −3.8 (1.3) −7.6% 0.012 | Δ −6.1 (1.1) −12.3% <0.001 | Δ −2.4 (1.2) −5.1% 0.141 |
standing long jump (cm) * | <0.001 (0.269) | <0.001 (0.094) | <0.001 (0.206) | <0.001 (0.038) | Δ 5.8 (1.9) +5.4% 0.008 | Δ 2.3 (1.6) +2.1% 0.497 | Δ −3.6 (1.7) +3.1% 0.124 |
6-min run (m) * | <0.001 (0.366) | <0.001 (0.159) | <0.001 (0.117) | <0.001 (0.035) | N.A. | Δ −97.4 (8.8) −11.3% <0.001 | N.A. |
Dependent Variable | Factors | Covariates | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | BMI | cohort, social index | age, sex |
Model 2 | BMI z score | cohort, social index | |
Model 3 | lateral jumps | cohort, social index | BMI, age, sex |
Model 4 | standing long jumps | cohort, social index | BMI, age, sex |
Model 5 | 6-min run | cohort, social index | BMI, age, sex |
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects | Pairwise Comparisons | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrected Model | Cohort | Social Index | High-Low Burden | Cohort A: High-Low Burden | Cohort C: High-Low Burden | High Burden: Cohort C-A | Low Burden: Cohort C-A | |
p-Value (Adjusted R2) | p-Value (np2) | p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | ΔMW (SD), % Change, p-Value (np2) | |
Model 1 | <0.001 (0.084) | 0.040 (0.004) * | Δ 1.1 (0.2) +6.4% <0.001 (0.027) | Δ 0.7 (0.3) +3.9% 0.017 (0.006) | Δ 1.5 (0.3) +8.8% <0.001 (0.024) | Δ 0.9 (0.2) +5.3% <0.001 (0.015) | Δ 0.1 (0.3) +0.6% 0.769 (0) | |
Model 2 | <0.001 (0.041) | 0.016 (0.006) | <0.001 (0.024) | Δ 0.4 (0.1) <0.001 (0.024) | Δ 0.2 (0.1) 0.013 (0.006) | Δ 0.5 (0.1) <0.001 (0.020) | Δ 0.3 (0.1) <0.001 (0.012) | Δ 0.1 (0.1) 0.657 (0) |
Model 3 | <0.001 (0.390) | <0.001 (0.035) | <0.001 (0.021) | Δ −4.5 (1.0) −9.6% <0.001 (0.021) | Δ −4.3 (1.3) −7.8% <0.001 (0.010) | Δ −4.8 (1.4) −9.8% <0.001 (0.011) | Δ −6.0 (1.1) −11.9% <0.001 (0.028) | Δ −5.4 (1.6) −10,0% <0.001 (0.012) |
Model 4 | <0.001 (0.304) | 0.022 (0.005) * | Δ −8.9 (1.4) −7.4% <0.001 (0.040) | Δ −12.1 (1.9) −10.0% <0.001 (0.040) | Δ −5.7 (2.1) −4.8% 0.006 (0.008) | Δ −2.6 (1.6) +2.4% 0.108 (0.003) | Δ −3.8 (2.3) −3.1% 0.096 (0.003) | |
Model 5 | <0.001 (0.426) | 0.009 (0.007) * | Δ −71.7 (7.6) −8.0% <0.001 (0.080) | Δ−52.0 (10.2) −5.6% <0.001 (0.025) | Δ −91.4 (11.1) −10.6% <0.001 (0.062) | Δ −96.8 (8.7) −11.1% <0.001 (0.108) | Δ −57.5 (12.2) −6.2% <0.001 (0.021) |
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Total | Cohort A 2016 Pre-Pandemic | Cohort B 2020 Peri-Pandemic | Cohort C 2021 Peri-Pandemic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Burden | Low Burden | High Burden | High Burden | Low Burden | ||||||||
n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | |
N | 1238 | 261 | 210 | 196 | 441 | 130 | ||||||
female sex % | 599 | 48.4% | 117 | 44.8% | 107 | 51.0% | 100 | 51.0% | 216 | 49.0% | 59 | 45.4% |
male sex % | 639 | 51.6% | 144 | 55.2% | 103 | 49.0% | 96 | 49.0% | 225 | 51.0% | 71 | 54.6% |
age (years) | 1238 | 8.1 (1.2) | 261 | 8.3 (1.1) | 210 | 8.1 (1.1) | 196 | 8.3 (1.2) | 441 | 8.0 (1.3) | 130 | 8.3 (1.3) |
height (cm) | 1238 | 130.9 (9.1) | 261 | 131.3 (8.6) | 210 | 132.2 (8.9) | 196 | 132.3 (9.2) | 441 | 128.9 /9.2) | 130 | 132.1 (8.9) |
body weight (kg) | 1238 | 30.6 (8.3) | 261 | 30.3 (7.5) | 210 | 29.5 (6.9) | 196 | 32.5 (9.5) | 441 | 30.7 (9.1) | 130 | 29.7 (6.7) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1238 | 17.6 (3.2) | 261 | 17.4 (2.8) | 210 | 16.7 (2.4) | 196 | 18.3 (3.6) | 441 | 18.2 (3.6) | 130 | 16.9 (2.3) |
BMI z score | 1238 | 0.5 (1.1) | 261 | 0.4 (1.0) | 210 | 0.2 (0.9) | 196 | 0.6 (1.3) | 441 | 0.7 (1.2) | 130 | 0.2 (0.9) |
percentile % | 261 | 210 | 441 | 130 | ||||||||
underweight | 51 | 4.1% | 9 | 3.4% | 7 | 3.3% | 7 | 3.6% | 19 | 4.3% | 9 | 6.9% |
normal weight | 883 | 71.3% | 193 | 73.9% | 180 | 85.7% | 130 | 66.3% | 280 | 63.5% | 100 | 76.9% |
overweight | 162 | 13.1% | 31 | 11.9% | 11 | 5.2% | 34 | 17.3% | 71 | 16.1% | 15 | 11.5% |
obese | 142 | 11.5% | 28 | 10.7% | 12 | 5.7% | 25 | 12.8% | 71 | 16.1% | 6 | 4.6% |
social index (level) | 1238 | 5.0 (2.1) | 261 | 5.5 (0.5) | 210 | 2.5 (1.5) | 196 | 6.5 (0.5) | 441 | 6.5 (0.5) | 130 | 1.0 (0.0) |
motor performance | ||||||||||||
lateral jumping (counts) | 1232 | 48.1 (17.3) | 261 | 51.3 (17.0) | 209 | 55.4 (0.9) | 196 | 47.1 (14.4) | 437 | 42.3 (17.5) | 129 | 51.2 (17.0) |
standing long jump (cm) | 1144 | 114.2 (23.5) | 230 | 111.1 (22.0) | 209 | 123.3 (22.0) | 182 | 115.2 (23.0) | 413 | 109.2 (22.9) | 124 | 121.2 (25.1) |
6-min run (m) | 1038 | 840.1 (143.8) | 261 | 879.3 (111.0) | 208 | 936.4 (113.6) | N.A. | 439 | 757.9 (133.2) | 130 | 884.3 (132.3) |
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Wessely, S.; Ferrari, N.; Friesen, D.; Grauduszus, M.; Klaudius, M.; Joisten, C. Changes in Motor Performance and BMI of Primary School Children over Time–Influence of the COVID-19 Confinement and Social Burden. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084565
Wessely S, Ferrari N, Friesen D, Grauduszus M, Klaudius M, Joisten C. Changes in Motor Performance and BMI of Primary School Children over Time–Influence of the COVID-19 Confinement and Social Burden. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084565
Chicago/Turabian StyleWessely, Stefanie, Nina Ferrari, David Friesen, Martin Grauduszus, Marlen Klaudius, and Christine Joisten. 2022. "Changes in Motor Performance and BMI of Primary School Children over Time–Influence of the COVID-19 Confinement and Social Burden" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084565