Risk Assessment of Early Lung Cancer with LDCT and Health Examinations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Summary Statistics
3.2. Model Evaluation
− 0.153 × Solid − 0.324 × Calcified − 0.802 × Middle + 0.997 × Diabetes
+ 0.383 × Gout + 0.321 × COPD + 0.249 × Other Cancer + 0.100 × WBC
+ 0.016 × BUN + 0.002 × Age − 0.717 × Thyroid − 1.118 × Liver
− 1.733 × Digestive System
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Coding | Description |
---|---|---|
Gender | 0/1 | Female/male |
Smoke | 0/1 | Non-smoking/smoking |
PTB | 0/1 | Tuberculosis (TB), old TB, or tuberculous pleurisy |
Lung radiation | 0/1 | Radiation exposure to lung |
Asthma | 0/1 | Asthma record |
COPD | 0/1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema |
Myoma | 0/1 | Myoma record |
Diabetes | 0/1 | Diabetes record |
Hypertension | 0/1 | Hypertension record |
CVA | 0/1 | Cerebrovascular accident |
Gout | 0/1 | Gout, hyperuricemia |
Liver | 0/1 | Diseases related to liver |
Cardiovascular disease | 0/1 | Diseases related to heart or blood vessels, such as arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF), valvular cardiac valve disease, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), and dyslipidemia, and hyperlipidemia. |
Digestive system | 0/1 | Diseases related to digestive system, such as colorectal polyp, gastric ulcer (GU), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and anus polyp. |
Urinary system | 0/1 | Diseases related to urinary system, such as penile tumors, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), ureteral stone, renal stone, and nephrectomy. |
Thyroid | 0/1 | Diseases related to thyroid, such as thyroid tumor, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodule, thyroidectomy, and goiter. |
Other cancer | 0/1 | Cancer record other than lung cancer |
Family lung cancer | 0/1 | Family history of lung cancer |
Age | age at visit (years) | |
BMI | Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | |
BUN | Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (mg/dL) | |
Creatinine | Creatinine (mg/dL) | |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (IU/L) | |
HGB | Hemoglobin (HGB) (g/dL) | |
WBC | White blood cell count (SBC) (103/μL) | |
Platelet | Platelet (103/μL) |
Variable | Coding | Description |
---|---|---|
Count | Total nodule counts | |
Diameter | The diameter of the maximum nodule (cm) | |
GGO | 0/1 | Presence of ground-glass opacity (GGO) |
Solid | 0/1 | Presence of solid nodule |
Part Solid | 0/1 | Presence of partial solid nodule |
Upper | 0/1 | Presence of nodule at middle lobe |
Middle | 0/1 | Presence of nodule at upper lobe |
Lower | 0/1 | Presence of nodule at lower lobe |
Spiculated | 0/1 | Presence of spiculation feature |
Fibrotic | 0/1 | Presence of fibrotic pattern |
Mosaic | 0/1 | Presence of mosaic pattern |
Calcified | 0/1 | Presence of calcification pattern |
Pneumothorax | 0/1 | Presence of pneumothorax |
Pleural Effusion | 0/1 | Presence of pleural effusion |
Variable | Non-Cancer | Cancer | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Count | 3.08 (2.50) | 1.57 (1.39) | 0.000 |
Diameter | 1.48 (1.64) | 1.67 (0.83) | 0.003 |
Age a | 56.58 (9.86) | 61.33 (11.11) | 0.026 |
BMI a | 24.29 (3.28) | 24.19 (3.24) | 0.877 |
BUN | 15.41 (4.85) | 18.35 (10.36) | 0.094 |
Creatinine | 0.93 (0.79) | 1.08 (1.50) | 0.484 |
ALT | 22.08 (8.92) | 23.61 (18.11) | 0.639 |
HGB a | 13.32 (1.27) | 13.29 (1.66) | 0.926 |
WBC a | 6.29 (1.50) | 6.61 (1.90) | 0.372 |
Platelet a | 221.58 (47.05) | 219.8 (50.95) | 0.855 |
Variable | Non-Cancer | Cancer | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender a | 0.554 | ||
Female | 58.33 | 52.58 | |
Male | 41.67 | 47.42 | |
Smoke a | 33.33 | 31.96 | 0.880 |
PTB | 0.00 | 6.19 | 0.190 |
Lung radiation | 0.00 | 1.03 | 1.000 |
Asthma | 2.78 | 2.06 | 1.000 |
COPD | 8.33 | 16.49 | 0.278 |
Myoma | 0.00 | 1.03 | 1.000 |
Diabetes | 8.33 | 16.49 | 0.278 |
Hypertension a | 27.78 | 38.14 | 0.266 |
CVA | 0.00 | 3.09 | 0.563 |
Gout | 0.00 | 3.09 | 0.563 |
Liver | 5.56 | 1.03 | 0.178 |
Cardiovascular disease a | 22.22 | 17.53 | 0.538 |
Digestive System | 11.11 | 1.03 | 0.019 |
Urinary System | 8.33 | 12.37 | 0.759 |
Thyroid | 11.11 | 4.12 | 0.211 |
Other Cancer | 5.56 | 14.43 | 0.233 |
Family lung cancer | 2.78 | 2.06 | 1.000 |
GGO a | 27.78 | 32.99 | 0.566 |
Solid | 91.67 | 76.29 | 0.052 |
Part Solid | 2.78 | 11.34 | 0.179 |
Upper a | 80.56 | 69.07 | 0.189 |
Middle a | 30.56 | 9.28 | 0.002 |
Lower a | 63.89 | 52.58 | 0.243 |
Spiculated | 0.00 | 29.90 | 0.000 |
Fibrotic | 11.11 | 15.46 | 0.781 |
Mosaic | 2.78 | 1.03 | 0.470 |
Calcified | 11.11 | 9.28 | 0.748 |
Pneumothorax | 0.00 | 1.03 | 1.000 |
Pleural Effusion | 2.78 | 6.19 | 0.674 |
Average of 5-Fold Cross Validation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lasso | Ridge | Elastic Net | Best Model (α = 1, λ = 0.037) | |
Accuracy | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.89 |
Sensitivity | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.85 |
Specificity | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 1.00 |
Precision | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 1.00 |
F1-measure | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.92 |
G-mean | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.92 |
AUC | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.93 |
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Chang, H.-T.; Wang, P.-H.; Chen, W.-F.; Lin, C.-J. Risk Assessment of Early Lung Cancer with LDCT and Health Examinations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084633
Chang H-T, Wang P-H, Chen W-F, Lin C-J. Risk Assessment of Early Lung Cancer with LDCT and Health Examinations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084633
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Hou-Tai, Ping-Huai Wang, Wei-Fang Chen, and Chen-Ju Lin. 2022. "Risk Assessment of Early Lung Cancer with LDCT and Health Examinations" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084633