Effects of Alkali on Water Soluble Hexavalent Chromium in Ordinary Portland Cement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Leaching Test
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Phase Evolution
3.2. Influence of the Alkali Content on the Total Cr(VI) in Cement
3.3. Influence of the Alkali Content on Hexavalent Chromium Leaching
3.3.1. Influence of Alkali on the Dissolution Behaviour of Chromium
3.3.2. Influence of pH of the Cement Slurry System
4. Conclusions
- The addition of alkali (sodium carbonate) to cement increases the amount of water-soluble hexavalent chromium in several ways. (1) The addition of alkali to the raw cement promotes the oxidation of trivalent chromium in the raw material, presumably by either increasing the amount of liquid phase or by participating in the oxidation reaction. (2) The alkali is involved in a reaction to produce sodium chromate which are more soluble than calcium chromate. (3) The alkali in cement promotes the dissolution of gypsum during hydration, allowing more of the chromate ions to be released from the calcium alumina by being replaced by sulfate ions. (4) It also increases the pH value of the cement slurry system, which improves the solubility of chromate and the stability of hexavalent chromium;
- In summary, alkali affects the generation and dissolution of water-soluble hexavalent chromium in both the cement firing and initial hydration stages. Therefore, in cement production practice, especially when raw materials contain more trivalent chromium, attention should be given to controlling the content of alkali in raw materials. It is also important to control the total alkali content in the selection of cement admixtures and dopants.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Materials | Proportions (wt.%) | Expected Clinker Mineral Composition (According to Bogue) (wt.%) 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaCO3 | SiO2 | A12O3 | Fe2O3 | C6H9CrO6 1 | C3S 3 | C2S 4 | C3A 5 | C4AF 6 | |
A | 76.24 | 14.31 | 3.89 | 2.72 | 2.84 | 55 | 23 | 9 | 13 |
B | 76.56 | 14.00 | 3.89 | 2.71 | 2.84 | 60 | 18 | 9 | 13 |
C | 77.20 | 13.40 | 3.87 | 2.70 | 2.83 | 70 | 8 | 9 | 13 |
Samples | Proportions (wt.%) | Na Content in the Resulting Clinker (wt.%) (Excluding H2O and CO2 from All Raw Materials) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | Na2CO3 | ||
A1 | 100.00 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
A2 | 99.26 | - | - | 0.74 | 0.5 |
A3 | 98.51 | - | - | 1.49 | 1.0 |
A4 | 97.03 | - | - | 2.97 | 2.0 |
A5 | 95.56 | - | - | 4.44 | 3.0 |
B1 | - | 100.00 | - | 0 | 0 |
B2 | - | 99.26 | - | 0.74 | 0.5 |
B3 | - | 98.52 | - | 1.48 | 1.0 |
B4 | - | 97.04 | - | 2.96 | 2.0 |
B5 | - | 95.56 | - | 4.44 | 3.0 |
C1 | - | - | 100.00 | 0 | 0 |
C2 | - | - | 99.26 | 0.74 | 0.5 |
C3 | - | - | 98.52 | 1.48 | 1.0 |
C4 | - | - | 97.05 | 2.95 | 2.0 |
C5 | - | - | 95.58 | 4.42 | 3.0 |
Sample | Proportion of Chromium Species (at. %) | |
---|---|---|
Cr(III) | Cr(VI) | |
B1 | 43.24 | 56.76 |
B2 | 37.89 | 62.11 |
B3 | 34.70 | 65.30 |
B4 | 31.54 | 68.46 |
B5 | 29.87 | 70.13 |
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Shi, F.; Jiang, D.; Ji, J.; Yan, J.; Chen, H. Effects of Alkali on Water Soluble Hexavalent Chromium in Ordinary Portland Cement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084811
Shi F, Jiang D, Ji J, Yan J, Chen H. Effects of Alkali on Water Soluble Hexavalent Chromium in Ordinary Portland Cement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084811
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Fan, Dehong Jiang, Junrong Ji, Jinsheng Yan, and Huxing Chen. 2022. "Effects of Alkali on Water Soluble Hexavalent Chromium in Ordinary Portland Cement" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084811