Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay-Version of the Factors Influencing Community Willingness to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Use an Automated External Defibrillator Questionnaire
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Phase 1: Development Phase
2.2. Phase 2: Translation and Cultural Adaptation Phase
2.3. Phase 3: Validation Phase
2.3.1. Content Validity
2.3.2. Construct Validity
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Conceptualisation of FIXED
3.3. Content Validity
3.4. Construct Validity
3.5. Reliability Testing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
(a) Male | 51 | 51 |
(b) Female | 49 | 49 |
Age (years) | ||
(a) below 40 | 80 | 80 |
(b) 40 and above | 20 | 20 |
Ethnicity | ||
(a) Malay | 77 | 77 |
(b) Chinese | 15 | 15 |
(c) Indian | 6 | 6 |
(d) Others | 2 1 | 2 |
Level of education | ||
(a) Secondary education | 15 | 15 |
(b) Higher (Certificate/Diploma/Degree) | 85 | 85 |
Marital Status | ||
(a) Single | 44 | 44 |
(b) Married | 53 | 53 |
(c) Widow/Widower | 3 | 3 |
Residential area | ||
(a) City | 61 | 61 |
(b) Rural | 39 | 39 |
Employment Status | ||
(a) Health workers | 42 | 42 |
(b) Employers | 28 | 28 |
(c) Self-employed | 8 | 8 |
(d) Students | 15 | 15 |
(e) Pensions | 5 | 5 |
(f) Housewives | 1 | 1 |
(g) Not working | 1 | 1 |
Total household income (RM per month) | ||
(a) B40 (below RM 4850) 2 | 59 | 59 |
(b) Not B40 (RM 4850 and above) | 41 | 41 |
Medical history of chronic illness | ||
(a) Yes | 3 | 3 |
(b) No | 97 | 97 |
Medical history of family members living together with chronic illnesses | ||
(a) Yes | 34 | 34 |
(b) No | 66 | 66 |
Experience of witnessing the incidence of cardiac arrest | ||
(a) Ever | 38 | 38 |
(b) Never | 62 | 62 |
Have performed CPR on a victim who suffered a cardiac arrest | ||
(a) Ever | 35 | 35 |
(b) Never | 65 | 65 |
Item | Construct | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
S-CVI/Ave | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
S-CVI/UA | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.38 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Average proportion of items | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Construct FIXED | Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Approx. Chi-Square | df | Sig. | ||
FIXED Instrument | 0.777 | 3345.614 | 946 | <0.001 |
Perception | 0.802 | 493.299 | 45 | <0.001 |
Attitude | 0.643 | 203.192 | 28 | <0.001 |
Perceived norms | 0.582 | 48.267 | 6 | <0.001 |
Self-efficacy | 0.786 | 200.929 | 10 | <0.001 |
Intention | 0.854 | 370.516 | 15 | <0.001 |
Behaviour | 0.818 | 407.524 | 6 | <0.001 |
Barriers | 0.812 | 504.038 | 21 | <0.001 |
Item No | Item | Factor Loading | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | Factor 7 | ||
Perception | ||||||||
Implementation Strategies of the AED | ||||||||
2 | The signage that shows the location of the AED is clear | 0.922 | ||||||
3 | The AED is located in a location that is easily accessible at all times (including after office hours) | 0.908 | ||||||
4 | The steps in the AED instructional poster on how to use the AED are easy to follow | 0.853 | ||||||
1 | The AED is clearly visible | 0.813 | ||||||
5 | The AED is located at a secure site | 0.776 | ||||||
Community’s perception on the importance of CPR and AED | ||||||||
6 | CPR and AED are important in saving life | 0.869 | ||||||
7 | It is important for an AED to be available in the place where I work. | 0.851 | ||||||
8 | Using an AED is important on any unresponsive victims | 0.457 | ||||||
Community’s perception on the AED handling training | ||||||||
9 | Person who handles an AED requires formal training. | 0.840 | ||||||
10 | AED practice drills should be performed on a regular basis | 0.817 | ||||||
Attitude | ||||||||
Fearful of CPR and AED | ||||||||
15 | Not being afraid of worsening the victim’s condition | 0.805 | ||||||
16 | Not being afraid of legal action | 0.771 | ||||||
14 | Not being afraid of hurting the victim by performing CPR | 0.768 | ||||||
13 | Not being afraid of disease transmission | 0.682 | ||||||
Courage for CPR and AED | ||||||||
18 | Belief that knowing CPR is important for the society | 0.871 | ||||||
11 | Thinking that performing resuscitation could save a life | 0.811 | ||||||
17 | Being proud of performing resuscitation successfully | 0.744 | ||||||
Importance of CPR and AED | ||||||||
12 | Knowing the importance of starting a resuscitation before EMS arrival | 0.956 | ||||||
Perceived norms | ||||||||
Relatives | ||||||||
20 | Belief that relatives want the subject to resuscitate them if needed | 0.842 | ||||||
21 | Knowing that relatives are the most likely victim | 0.774 | ||||||
19 | Belief that relatives would be proud if the participant performed resuscitation | 0.661 | ||||||
Community | ||||||||
22 | Diffusion of responsibility | 0.924 | ||||||
Self-efficacy | ||||||||
Intrinsic | ||||||||
24 | Feeling able to resuscitate | 0.904 | ||||||
25 | Feeling able to recognise a cardiac arrest | 0.896 | ||||||
27 | Knowing how to perform a resuscitation | 0.880 | ||||||
Extrinsic | ||||||||
26 | Not believing that only health care professionals can adequately perform resuscitation | 0.787 | ||||||
23 | Knowledge of the emergency number | 0.667 | ||||||
Intention | ||||||||
31 | Perform CPR on an elderly person | 0.901 | ||||||
32 | Perform CPR on a relative or family member | 0.882 | ||||||
28 | Perform CPR on a stranger | 0.869 | ||||||
30 | Perform CPR on a child | 0.864 | ||||||
33 | Using an AED | 0.692 | ||||||
29 | Perform CPR on a victim of trauma | 0.593 | ||||||
Behaviour | ||||||||
37 | Confident to use an AED on an unresponsive victim | 0.942 | ||||||
34 | Confident to perform CPR | 0.938 | ||||||
35 | Confident to use an AED | 0.937 | ||||||
36 | Confident in recognising victim with no signs of life | 0.897 | ||||||
Barriers | ||||||||
43 | Concerned that I might be sued if I perform emergency CPR inappropriately | 0.857 | ||||||
39 | Concerned in injuring the victim when performing CPR | 0.846 | ||||||
44 | Concerned that I might be sued if I used an AED inappropriately | 0.828 | ||||||
41 | Concerned in injuring the victim if I use an AED device during CPR | 0.819 | ||||||
40 | Concerned in injuring myself when performing CPR | 0.771 | ||||||
42 | Concerned in injuring myself if I use an AED device during CPR | 0.748 | ||||||
38 | Concerned in getting infection from the victim when performing CPR | 0.699 |
Construct and Sub-Construct | Item | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha before Deleting (44 Items) | Cronbach’s Alpha after Deleting (40 Items) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perception (Implementation Strategies of the AED) | The signage that shows the location of the AED is clear | 0.855 | 0.915 | 0.915 |
The AED is located in a location that is easily accessible at all times (including after office hours) | 0.835 | |||
The steps in the AED instructional poster on how to use the AED are easy to follow | 0.790 | |||
The AED is clearly visible | 0.713 | |||
The AED is located at a secure site | 0.748 | |||
Perception (Community’s perception on the importance of CPR and AED) | CPR & AED are important in saving life | 0.482 | 0.637 | 0.637 |
It is important for an AED to be available in the place where I work. | 0.567 | |||
Using an AED is important on any unresponsive victims | 0.378 | |||
Perception (Community’s perception on the AED handling training) | Person who handles an AED requires formal training. | 0.462 | 0.632 | 0.632 |
AED practice drills should be performed on a regular basis | 0.462 | |||
Attitude (Fearful of CPR and AED) | Not being afraid of worsening the victim’s condition | 0.617 | 0.755 | 0.755 |
Not being afraid of legal action | 0.568 | |||
Not being afraid of hurting the victim by performing CPR | 0.589 | |||
Not being afraid of disease transmission | 0.443 | |||
Attitude (Courage for CPR and AED) | Belief that knowing CPR is important for the society | 0.634 | 0.693 | 0.693 |
Thinking that performing resuscitation could save a life | 0.546 | |||
Being proud of performing resuscitation successfully | 0.483 | |||
Attitude (Importance of CPR and AED) | Knowing the importance of starting a resuscitation before EMS arrival | Component eliminated (one item) | ||
Perceived norms (Relatives) | Belief that relatives want the subject to resuscitate them if needed | 0.575 | 0.633 | 0.633 |
Knowing that relatives are the most likely victim | 0.395 | |||
Belief that relatives would be proud if the participant performed resuscitation | 0.379 | |||
Perceived norms (Community) | Diffusion of responsibility | Component eliminated (one item) | ||
Self-efficacy (Intrinsic) | Feeling able to resuscitate | 0.812 | 0.895 | 0.895 |
Feeling able to recognise a cardiac arrest | 0.799 | |||
Knowing how to perform a resuscitation | 0.778 | |||
Self-efficacy (Extrinsic) | Not believing that only health care professionals can adequately perform resuscitation | 0.067 | 0.111 | Component eliminated (two item) |
Knowledge of the emergency number | 0.067 | |||
Intention | Perform CPR on an elderly person | 0.815 | 0.878 | 0.878 |
Perform CPR on a relative or family member | 0.785 | |||
Perform CPR on a stranger | 0.772 | |||
Perform CPR on a child | 0.761 | |||
Using an AED | 0.586 | |||
Perform CPR on a victim of trauma | 0.491 | |||
Behaviour | Confident to use an AED on an unresponsive victim | 0.897 | 0.945 | 0.945 |
Confident to perform CPR | 0.885 | |||
Confident to use an AED | 0.887 | |||
Confident in recognising victim with no signs of life | 0.818 | |||
Barriers | Concerned that I might be sued if I perform emergency CPR inappropriately | 0.786 | 0.903 | 0.903 |
Concerned in injuring the victim when performing CPR | 0.775 | |||
Concerned that I might be sued if I used an AED inappropriately | 0.750 | |||
Concerned in injuring the victim if I use an AED device during CPR | 0.735 | |||
Concerned in injuring myself when performing CPR | 0.688 | |||
Concerned in injuring myself if I use an AED device during CPR | 0.662 | |||
Concerned in getting infection from the victim when performing CPR | 0.604 |
Construct Dan Sub-Construct | ICC and 95% Confidence Interval | Cronbach’s Alpha | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Construct | Overall | Construct | Construct | |
Perception (Implementation Strategies of the AED) | 0.932 (0.898–0.958) | 0.723 (0.614–0.819) | 0.915 | 0.849 |
Perception (Community’s perception on the importance ofCPR and AED) | 0.643 (0.457–0.782) | 0.637 | ||
Perception (Community’s perception on the AED handling training) | 0.502 (0.216–0.702) | 0.632 | ||
Attitude (Fearful of CPR and AED) | 0.729 (0.585–0.835) | 0.755 | ||
Attitude (Courage for CPR and AED) | 0.746 (0.608–0.846) | 0.693 | ||
Perceived norms (Relatives) | 0.760 (0.635–0.854) | 0.633 | ||
Self-efficacy(Intrinsic) | 0.911 (0.863–0.946) | 0.895 | ||
Intention | 0.875 (0.813–0.922) | 0.878 | ||
Behaviour | 0.922 (0.881–0.952) | 0.945 | ||
Barriers | 0.896 (0.845–0.935) | 0.903 |
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Daud, A.; Mohammed Nawi, A.; Aizuddin, A.N.; Yahya, M.F. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay-Version of the Factors Influencing Community Willingness to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Use an Automated External Defibrillator Questionnaire. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084882
Daud A, Mohammed Nawi A, Aizuddin AN, Yahya MF. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay-Version of the Factors Influencing Community Willingness to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Use an Automated External Defibrillator Questionnaire. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084882
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaud, Amsyar, Azmawati Mohammed Nawi, Azimatun Noor Aizuddin, and Mohammad Fadhly Yahya. 2022. "Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Malay-Version of the Factors Influencing Community Willingness to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Use an Automated External Defibrillator Questionnaire" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084882