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Article

Cognitive–Emotional Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of Female Genital Mutilation

by
Nele Wulfes
1,*,
Uwe von Fritschen
2,
Cornelia Strunz
3,
Nadine Kröhl
1,
Roland Scherer
3 and
Christoph Kröger
1
1
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
2
Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany
3
Desert Flower Center Waldfriede, 14163 Berlin, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 4993; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094993
Submission received: 28 February 2022 / Revised: 4 April 2022 / Accepted: 15 April 2022 / Published: 20 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women's Psychological and Sexual Health: Key Priorities for Research and Intervention)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Around 200 million women and girls worldwide are affected by female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). FGM/C is a procedure that harms or alters the external female genitals for non-medical reasons, and is usually performed on children. Often, this procedure leads to severe consequences for the women’s physical and mental health. In a cross-sectional sample of 112 women seeking medical counseling, physical and mental health characteristics associated with FGM/C were examined and possible predictors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women affected by FGM/C were identified. A total of 55.4% (n = 66) of the women reported symptom levels of probable PTSD. Predictors for higher PTSD symptomology were an older age at the time of the FGM/C procedure, feelings of guilt and the centrality of the event in the woman’s life. Thus, cognitive–emotional processing was found to play an important role in the emergence of PTSD in women suffering from FGM/C. However, interventions taking into consideration these characteristics are mostly lacking and need to be investigated further in the context of FGM/C.
Keywords: female genital mutilation/cutting; FGM; FGC; post-traumatic stress disorder; age at FGM/C; centrality of event; guilt female genital mutilation/cutting; FGM; FGC; post-traumatic stress disorder; age at FGM/C; centrality of event; guilt

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wulfes, N.; von Fritschen, U.; Strunz, C.; Kröhl, N.; Scherer, R.; Kröger, C. Cognitive–Emotional Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of Female Genital Mutilation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094993

AMA Style

Wulfes N, von Fritschen U, Strunz C, Kröhl N, Scherer R, Kröger C. Cognitive–Emotional Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of Female Genital Mutilation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094993

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wulfes, Nele, Uwe von Fritschen, Cornelia Strunz, Nadine Kröhl, Roland Scherer, and Christoph Kröger. 2022. "Cognitive–Emotional Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of Female Genital Mutilation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094993

APA Style

Wulfes, N., von Fritschen, U., Strunz, C., Kröhl, N., Scherer, R., & Kröger, C. (2022). Cognitive–Emotional Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of Female Genital Mutilation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094993

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