Change in Disability Associated with Psychological Distress among Internally Displaced Persons in Central Sudan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Do you have difficulty seeing even if wearing glasses?
- Do you have difficulty hearing even if using a hearing aid?
- Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps?
- Do you have difficulty remembering or concentrating?
- Do you have difficulty with self-care, such as washing all over or dressing?
- Using your usual (customary) language, do you have difficulty communicating?
- Mild to severe disability: if any difficulty in at least one of the six domains.
- Moderate to severe disability: if a lot of difficulty or unable to perform in at least one of the six domains.
- Severe disability: if unable to perform in at least one of the six domains.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic | Khartoum (n = 849) | Gezira (n = 700) | Total (n = 1549) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, median (Q1, Q3) | 28.0 (22.0, 37.0) | 30 (22.0, 37.0) | 28.0 (22.0, 37.0) | 0.31 |
Family size, median (Q1, Q3) | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) | 0.78 |
Length of stay in years, median (Q1, Q3) | 18.0 (10.0, 22.0) | 18.0 (10.0, 24.0) | 17.0 (10.0, 23.0) | 0.92 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Male | 339 (39.9) | 311 (44.4) | 650 (42.0) | 0.07 |
Female | 510 (60.1) | 389 (55.6) | 899 (58.0) | |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Single | 241 (28.4) | 245 (35.0) | 486 (31.4) | 0.01 |
Married | 608 (71.6) | 455 (65.0) | 1063 (68.6) | 0.01 |
Level of education, n (%) | ||||
Illiterate | 139 (16.4) | 153 (21.9) | 292 (18.9) | 0.01 |
Khalwa | 220 (25.9) | 127 (18.1) | 347 (22.4) | 0.01 |
Elementary | 317 (37.3) | 304 (43.4) | 621 (40.1) | 0.01 |
Secondary and above | 173 (20.4) | 116 (16.6) | 289 (18.7) | 0.06 |
Employment status, n (%) | ||||
Unemployed | 569 (67.0) | 424 (60.6) | 993 (64.1) | 0.01 |
Temporary | 173 (20.4) | 175 (25.0) | 348 (22.5) | 0.03 |
Permanent | 107 (12.6) | 101 (14.4) | 208 (13.4) | 0.30 |
Household income, n (%) | ||||
Less than SDG 200/per month | 376 (44.3) | 348 (49.7) | 724 (46.7) | 0.03 |
More than SDG 200/per month | 473 (55.7) | 352 (50.3) | 825 (53.3) | 0.03 |
Place of origin, n (%) | ||||
North (Northern States, River Nile) | 17 (2.0) | 15 (2.1) | 32 (2.1) | 0.89 |
South Sudan | 72 (8.5) | 111 (15.9) | 183 (11.8) | 0.01 |
East (Red Sea, Kassala, Gadarif) | 59 (6.9) | 44 (6.3) | 103 (6.6) | 0.64 |
West (Kordofan, Darfur) | 456 (53.7) | 330 (47.1) | 786 (50.7) | 0.01 |
Middle (Khartoum, Gezira, Sennar, Damazeen) | 245 (28.9) | 200 (28.6) | 445 (28.7) | 0.90 |
Reason for forced migration | ||||
War | 816 (96.1) | 635 (90.7) | 1451 (93.7) | <0.01 |
Famine and drought | 33 (3,9) | 65 (9.3) | 98 (6.3) | <0.01 |
Time 1 n (%) | Time 2 n (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mild-to-severe disability: “some difficulty” in at least one of the six domains | 90 (5.8) | 130 (8.4) | 0.04 |
“Moderate-to-severe disability”: “a lot of difficulty” or “unable to perform” in at least one of the six domains | 18 (1.2) | 32 (2.1) | 0.01 |
Severe disability”: “unable to perform” in at least one of the six domains | 20 (1.3) | 21 (1.4) | 0.84 |
Prevalence of Disability | RR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Phase I (n = 1549) | Phase II (n = 1549) | |||
Overall | 7.5 | 10.8 | 1.44 (1.14, 1.81) | <0.01 |
Place | ||||
Khartoum | 3.55 | 4.78 | 1.34 (0.96, 1.89) | 0.09 |
Gezira | 3.94 | 6.00 | 1.52 (1.11, 2.09) | 0.01 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 2.84 | 4.26 | 1.50 (1.03, 2.18) | 0.03 |
Male | 4.65 | 6.52 | 1.40 (1.05, 1.88) | 0.02 |
Age groups | ||||
18–29 | 2.32 | 5.23 | 2.25 (1.53, 3.31) | <0.01 |
30–39 | 2.91 | 3.03 | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) | 0.83 |
+40 | 2.26 | 2.52 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.75) | 0.64 |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 2.26 | 3.36 | 1.49 (0.97, 2.27) | 0.06 |
Married | 5.23 | 7.42 | 1.42 (1.08, 1.87) | 0.01 |
Education level | ||||
Illiterate | 2.07 | 2.52 | 1.22 (0.77, 1.93) | 0.40 |
Khalwa | 1.48 | 2.00 | 1.35 (0.79, 2.30) | 0.27 |
Elementary | 3.10 | 4.52 | 1.46 (1.02, 2.09) | 0.04 |
Secondary and above | 0.84 | 1.74 | 2.08 (1.08, 4.01) | 0.03 |
Employed status | ||||
Unemployed | 4.58 | 6.58 | 1.44 (1.07, 1.93) | 0.02 |
Temporal | 1.87 | 2.65 | 1.41 (0.88, 2.26) | 0.15 |
Permanent | 1.03 | 1.55 | 1.50 (0.80, 2.81) | 0.20 |
Household Income | ||||
Less than SDG 200 | 4.00 | 5.55 | 1.39 (1.01, 1.91) | 0.04 |
SDG 200+ | 3.49 | 5.23 | 1.50 (1.07, 2.10) | 0.02 |
Original Place | ||||
North (Northern States, River Nile) | 0.06 | 0.00 | - | - |
South Sudan | 1.10 | 1.74 | 1.59 (0.87, 2.90) | 0.13 |
East (Red Sea, Kasala, Gadarif) | 0.77 | 0.84 | 1.18 (0.53, 2.63) | 0.84 |
West (Kordofan, Darfur) | 4.20 | 5.75 | 1.37 (1.00, 1.87) | 0.05 |
Middle (Khartoum, Gezira, White Nile, Sennar) | 1.48 | 2.45 | 1.65 (0.99, 2.76) | 0.06 |
Time 1 | Time 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
* Changes of distress within the group (ref: phase I) | ||||
Disabled | 1 | 1.15 (1.00, 1.34) | 0.05 | |
Not-disabled | 1 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.58 | |
** Changes between the groups (ref: not-disabled) | ||||
Disabled | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | 0.18 | 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) | 0.01 |
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Sanhori, Z.; Lien, L.; Hauff, E.; Ayazi, T.; Mdala, I.; Eide, A.H. Change in Disability Associated with Psychological Distress among Internally Displaced Persons in Central Sudan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095347
Sanhori Z, Lien L, Hauff E, Ayazi T, Mdala I, Eide AH. Change in Disability Associated with Psychological Distress among Internally Displaced Persons in Central Sudan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095347
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanhori, Zeinat, Lars Lien, Edvard Hauff, Touraj Ayazi, Ibrahimu Mdala, and Arne H. Eide. 2022. "Change in Disability Associated with Psychological Distress among Internally Displaced Persons in Central Sudan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095347