Differences in Overweight or Obesity, Changes in Dietary Habits after Studying Abroad and Sleep Quality by Acculturative Degree among Asian Foreign Students: A Cross Sectional Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Collection
2.2. Measures and Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Changes in Dietary Habits | Total (n = 233) | HA (n = 89) | LA (n = 144) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
I. Change in environment of dietary consumption | 52.90 ± 14.73 | 50.56 ± 15.10 | 54.34 ± 14.36 | 0.058 |
The number of food purchases has increased. | 5.34 ± 3.47 | 5.34 ± 3.87 | 5.35 ± 3.22 | 0.974 |
The number of cooked meals has increased. | 3.42 ± 3.55 | 3.29 ± 3.87 | 3.51 ± 3.35 | 0.669 |
The range of food options has been reduced. | 5.40 ± 3.04 | 4.24 ± 3.29 | 6.11 ± 2.64 | <0.001 |
There is no one who helps make food. | 5.97 ± 3.46 | 5.84 ± 3.59 | 6.04 ± 3.38 | 0.731 |
The time to eat has decreased. | 4.49 ± 2.91 | 4.16 ± 3.15 | 4.69 ± 2.74 | 0.177 |
There are difficulties in communicating when buying food. | 3.34 ± 2.64 | 2.64 ± 2.57 | 3.77 ± 2.59 | 0.001 |
I can’t eat what I like. | 5.31 ± 3.08 | 3.93 ± 2.77 | 6.16 ± 2.96 | <0.001 |
I started to eat mainly Korean food. | 7.22 ± 2.56 | 7.75 ± 2.56 | 6.89 ± 2.51 | 0.011 |
There is an economic problem. | 6.90 ± 2.69 | 7.36 ± 2.83 | 6.61 ± 2.57 | 0.036 |
When choosing food, the influence of a friend is great. | 5.52 ± 3.44 | 6.01 ± 3.26 | 5.21 ± 3.53 | 0.070 |
II. Dietary problems | 38.48 ± 16.52 | 34.07 ± 15.85 | 41.20 ± 16.39 | 0.001 |
The irregular hours of work and rest lead to irregular mealtimes. | 5.43 ± 3.27 | 5.42 ± 3.42 | 5.43 ± 3.19 | 0.971 |
I can’t eat well because I don’t have time. | 3.07 ± 3.09 | 2.08 ± 2.67 | 3.68 ± 3.18 | <0.001 |
I only eat when I’m hungry. | 3.55 ± 3.23 | 2.81 ± 2.87 | 4.01 ± 3.37 | 0.006 |
The number of binge dietary times depending on the taste of the food has increased. | 5.02 ± 3.22 | 3.82 ± 3.02 | 5.77 ± 3.13 | <0.001 |
The number of meals skipped to lose weight has increased. | 2.65 ± 3.08 | 2.67 ± 3.28 | 2.64 ± 2.95 | 0.847 |
The number of times breakfast is skipped to binge lunch has increased. | 3.07 ± 2.76 | 2.36 ± 2.59 | 3.51 ± 3.06 | 0.004 |
I tend to drink heavily. | 2.21 ± 2.76 | 2.28 ± 2.73 | 2.17 ± 2.78 | 0.864 |
My vegetable intake has decreased. | 3.91 ± 3.00 | 3.46 ± 3.05 | 4.18 ± 2.94 | 0.065 |
My meat intake has increased. | 3.95 ± 3.17 | 3.01 ± 3.20 | 4.53 ± 3.01 | <0.001 |
I purchase and eat fast food often. | 5.62 ± 3.26 | 6.18 ± 3.18 | 5.28 ± 3.28 | 0.029 |
III. Reason for an unbalanced dietary habits | 20.26 ± 8.94 | 16.43 ± 6.44 | 22.62 ± 9.45 | <0.001 |
I think it is because I eat alone when I am in Korea, and I eat with family at home. | 4.59 ± 3.01 | 5.31 ± 2.87 | 4.15 ± 3.02 | 0.004 |
I think this is because I can buy food easily in my home country, but it is difficult to buy food in Korea. | 4.25 ± 2.88 | 2.75 ± 2.44 | 5.17 ± 2.74 | <0.001 |
I think it’s because Korea doesn’t have access to food that I eat every day in my home country. | 3.39 ± 2.70 | 2.13 ± 2.08 | 4.17 ± 2.76 | <0.001 |
I think this is because I can cook and eat food in my home country, but I can’t eat the same foods in Korea. | 4.23 ± 3.35 | 3.15 ± 2.81 | 4.90 ± 3.50 | <0.001 |
I think it’s mainly because I eat out. | 3.80 ± 2.87 | 3.09 ± 2.58 | 4.24 ± 2.96 | 0.003 |
Total score of dietary habits | 111.63 ± 28.36 | 101.07 ± 26.67 | 118.16 ± 27.47 | <0.001 |
Total (n = 233) | HA (n = 89) | LA (n = 144) | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Components of PSQI | ||||
1. Sleep quality | 1.18 ± 0.65 | 1.12 ± 0.54 | 1.22 ± 0.71 | 0.296 |
2. Sleep latency | 1.12 ± 0.81 | 0.97 ± 0.68 | 1.22 ± 0.87 | 0.012 |
3. Sleep duration | 0.79 ± 0.84 | 0.83 ± 0.80 | 0.77 ± 0.86 | 0.574 |
4. Habitual sleep efficiency | 0.45 ± 0.76 | 0.40 ± 0.64 | 0.48 ± 0.83 | 0.419 |
5. Sleep disturbances | 0.96 ± 0.54 | 0.93 ± 0.58 | 0.98 ± 0.51 | 0.510 |
6. Sleeping medication | 0.19 ± 0.51 | 0.21 ± 0.49 | 0.17 ± 0.52 | 0.667 |
7. Daytime dysfunction | 1.20 ± 0.77 | 1.07 ± 0.70 | 1.28 ± 0.80 | 0.033 |
Global PSQI score | 5.90 ± 2.73 | 5.54 ± 2.57 | 6.12 ± 2.82 | 0.090 |
Sleep duration (hours) | 6.61 ± 1.12 | 6.59 ± 0.89 | 6.62 ± 1.25 | 0.838 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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General Characteristics | Total (n = 233) | HA (n = 89) | LA (n = 144) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (men) | 48.1 | 50.6 | 46.5 | - |
Age (years) | 26.58 ± 5.22 | 26.58 ± 5.22 | 26.29 ± 5.80 | - |
Period of stay in South Korea (months) | 25.05 ± 0.97 | 29.79 ± 17.59 | 22.13 ± 12.02 | 0.001 |
Academic course (≥graduate school course) | 58.4 | 70.8 | 55.7 | <0.001 |
Korean conversational ability (≥middle class) | 27.9 | 44.9 | 17.4 | <0.001 |
Subjective health status | 2.03 ± 0.62 | 1.96 ± 0.50 | 2.07 ± 0.69 | 0.190 |
Acculturative stress | 84.36 ± 16.90 | 80.94 ± 15.14 | 86.48 ± 17.63 | 0.017 |
Perceived discrimination | 16.94 ± 4.64 | 15.93 ± 3.42 | 17.56 ± 5.17 | 0.010 |
Homesickness | 10.80 ± 2.85 | 10.47 ± 2.63 | 11.01 ± 2.97 | 0.174 |
Perceived hate | 10.59 ± 3.37 | 9.81 ± 2.74 | 11.08 ± 3.64 | 0.005 |
Fear | 9.16 ± 2.52 | 8.91 ± 2.81 | 9.31 ± 2.76 | 0.268 |
Culture shock | 7.89 ± 2.24 | 7.74 ± 2.34 | 7.99 ± 2.17 | 0.431 |
Guilt | 3.89 ± 1.57 | 3.67 ± 1.40 | 4.03 ± 1.66 | 0.067 |
Miscellaneous | 25.08 ± 5.54 | 24.40 ± 5.12 | 25.50 ± 5.77 | 0.167 |
Smoking (smoker) | 20.6 | 21.3 | 20.1 | 0.980 |
Alcohol consumption (drinker) | 79.4 | 83.1 | 77.1 | 0.316 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.52 ± 7.65 | 24.85 ± 8.54 | 22.71 ± 6.95 | 0.052 |
Prevalence of overweight and obesity | 25.3 | 31.5 | 21.5 | 0.101 |
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Doo, M.; Wang, C. Differences in Overweight or Obesity, Changes in Dietary Habits after Studying Abroad and Sleep Quality by Acculturative Degree among Asian Foreign Students: A Cross Sectional Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095370
Doo M, Wang C. Differences in Overweight or Obesity, Changes in Dietary Habits after Studying Abroad and Sleep Quality by Acculturative Degree among Asian Foreign Students: A Cross Sectional Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095370
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoo, Miae, and Chunyang Wang. 2022. "Differences in Overweight or Obesity, Changes in Dietary Habits after Studying Abroad and Sleep Quality by Acculturative Degree among Asian Foreign Students: A Cross Sectional Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095370