Effects of Meteorological Factors on Waterbird Functional Diversity and Community Composition in Liaohe Estuary, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.1.1. Waterbird Observation
3.1.2. Functional Traits
3.1.3. Meteorological Variables
3.2. Statistical Analyses
3.2.1. Functional Alpha and Beta Diversity
3.2.2. Changes in Meteorological Factors
3.2.3. Relationship between Functional Diversity and Meteorological Variables
4. Results
4.1. Waterbird Functional Diversity Dynamics
4.2. Meteorological Changes
4.3. Relationship between Functional Diversity and Meteorological Factors
5. Discussion
5.1. Trends in Functional Diversity
5.2. Responses of Waterbird Functional Diversity to Meteorological Factors
5.3. Seasonal Differences in Response to Meteorological Factors
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Code | Name | Species | Families | Residence | Breeding | Diet | Nest Site |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Little Grebe | Tachybaptus ruficollis | PA | R | B | PIS | Float |
2 | Great Crested Grebe | Podiceps cristatus | PA | S | B | PIS | Float |
3 | Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | PA | S | B | PIS | Cliff |
4 | Gray Heron | Ardea cinerea | CG | R | B | PIS | Tree |
5 | Purple Heron | Ardea purpurea | CG | S | B | PIS | Grass |
6 | Great White Egret | Ardea alba | CG | S | B | PIS | Grass |
7 | Little Egret | Egretta garzetta | CG | S | B | PIS | Grass |
8 | Black-crowned Night heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | CG | S | B | PIS | Tree |
9 | Eurasian Spoonbill | Platalea leucorodia | CG | S | B | PIS | Grass |
10 | Oriental Stork | Ciconia boyciana | CG | S | B | PIS | Grass |
11 | Common Crane | Grus grus | CG | W | NB | OMN | Grass |
12 | Siberian Crane | Leucogeranus | CG | P | NB | HER | Grass |
13 | Red-crowned Crane | Grus japonensis | CG | R | B | OMN | Grass |
14 | Eurasian/common Coot | Fulica atra | CG | S | B | OMN | Grass |
15 | Whooper Swan | Cygnus cygnus | PA | S | B | HER | Grass |
16 | Greater White-fronted Goose | Anser albifrons | PA | P | NB | HER | Shrub |
17 | Swan Goose | Anser cygnoid | PA | W | NB | HER | Grass |
18 | Bean Goose | Anser fabalis | PA | P | NB | HER | Shrub |
19 | Common Shelduck | Tadorna tadorna | PA | S | B | OMN | Tree |
20 | Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | PA | R | B | OMN | Grass |
21 | Chinese Spot-billed Duck | Anas zonorhyncha | PA | W | NB | OMN | Grass |
22 | Northern Shoveler | Spatula clypeata | PA | P | NB | OMN | Grass |
23 | Gadwall | Mareca strepera | PA | S | B | HER | Shrub |
24 | Ruddy Shelduck | Tadorna ferruginea | PA | S | B | HER | Tree |
25 | Eurasian Wigeon | Mareca penelope | PA | S | B | HER | Shrub |
26 | Common Goldeneye | Bucephala clangula | PA | P | NB | PIS | Tree |
27 | Falcated Duck | Mareca falcata | PA | S | B | HER | Shrub |
28 | Garganey | Spatula querquedula | PA | S | B | HER | Grass |
29 | Common Teal | Anas crecca | PA | S | B | HER | Grass |
30 | Baikal Teal | Anas formosa | PA | P | NB | HER | Shrub |
31 | Tufted Duck | Aythya fuligula | PA | P | NB | OMN | Shrub |
32 | Common Pochard | Aythya ferina | PA | P | NB | OMN | Float |
33 | Goosander | Mergus merganser | PA | S | B | PIS | Tree |
34 | Smew | Mergellus albellus | PA | W | NB | PIS | Tree |
35 | Northern Pintail | Anas acuta | PA | P | NB | HER | Grass |
36 | Northern Lapwing | Vanellus vanellus | Cha | S | B | OMN | Tree |
37 | Pacific Golden Plover | Pluvialis fulva | Cha | P | NB | INS | Bare |
38 | Grey Plover | Pluvialis squatarola | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Bare |
39 | Lesser Sand Plover | Charadrius mongolus | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Bare |
40 | Kentish Plover | Charadrius alexandrinus | Cha | S | B | BEN | Bare |
41 | Eurasian Oystercatcher | Haematopus ostralegus | Cha | S | B | BEN | Bare |
42 | Black-winged Stilt | Himantopus himantopus | Cha | S | B | BEN | Grass |
43 | Pied Avocet | Recurvirostra avosetta | Cha | S | B | BEN | Bare |
44 | Far Eastern Curlew | Numenius madagascariensis | Cha | P | NB | CAR | Bare |
45 | Whimbrel | Numenius phaeopus | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Grass |
46 | Little Curlew | Numenius minutus | Cha | P | NB | OMN | Bare |
47 | Great Knot | Calidris tenuirostris | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Shrub |
48 | Sharp-tailed Sandpiper | Calidris acuminata | Cha | P | NB | OMN | Shrub |
49 | Marsh Sandpiper | Tringa stagnatilis | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Grass |
50 | Spotted Redshank | Tringa erythropus | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Grass |
51 | Wood Sandpiper | Tringa glareola | Cha | P | NB | OMN | Bare |
52 | Eurasian Curlew | Numenius arquata | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Bare |
53 | Bar-tailed Godwit | Limosa lapponica | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Bare |
54 | Black-tailed Godwit | Limosa limosa | Cha | S | B | BEN | Shrub |
55 | Common Redshank | Tringa totanus | Cha | S | B | BEN | Grass |
56 | Common Greenshank | Tringa nebularia | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Bare |
57 | Terek Sandpiper | Xenus cinereus | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Bare |
58 | Red-necked Stint | Calidris ruficollis | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Grass |
59 | Red Knot | Calidris canutus | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Grass |
60 | Dunlin | Calidris alpina | Cha | P | NB | BEN | Grass |
61 | Arctic/American Herring Gull | Larus smithsonianus | Lar | P | NB | CAR | Cliff |
62 | Slaty-backed Gull | Larus schistisagus | Lar | W | NB | CAR | Cliff |
63 | Black-tailed Gull | Larus crassirostris | Lar | S | B | CAR | Cliff |
64 | Pallas’s Gull | Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus | Lar | P | NB | CAR | Cliff |
65 | Mew Gull | Larus canus | Lar | W | NB | PIS | Grass |
66 | Relict Gull | Larus relictus | Lar | P | NB | PIS | Bare |
67 | Caspian Tern | Hydroprogne caspia | Lar | S | B | CAR | Bare |
68 | White-winged Tern | Chlidonias leucopterus | Lar | S | B | PIS | Float |
69 | Black-headed Gull | Larus ridibundus | Lar | S | B | CAR | Grass |
70 | Saunders’s Gull | Larus saundersi | Lar | S | B | INS | Bare |
71 | Whiskered Tern | Chlidonias hybrida | Lar | S | B | PIS | Float |
72 | Gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon nilotica | Lar | S | B | PIS | Bare |
73 | Little Tern | Sternula albifrons | Lar | S | B | PIS | Bare |
74 | Common Tern | Sterna hirundo | Lar | S | B | CAR | Grass |
Appendix B
Years | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
Autumn | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
Inter Years | 10–11 | 11–12 | 12–13 | 13–14 | 14–15 | 15–16 | 16–17 | 17–18 | 18–19 | 19–20 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spr.–Spr. | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Aut.–Aut. | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
Aut.–Spr. | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
Years | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
βsor | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
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Categories | Type | Trait | Description | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Categories | C | Families | Divided into four groups according to their families and habits | b and c |
C | Residence | Four groups: summer visitor, winter visitor, passage, and resident | c and d | |
C | Breeding | Two groups: breeding and non-breeding | b, c, and d | |
C | Diet | Six groups: herbivore, insectivore, carnivore, piscivore, benthivore, and omnivore | b | |
C | Nest sites | Five groups: bare ground, cliff, float, grass or shrub, and tree | a and b | |
Body | Q | Mass (g) | a and b | |
Q | Size (mm) | a and b | ||
Flying ability | Q | Wingspan (mm) | a and b | |
Q | Wing length (mm) | a and b | ||
Q | Tail length (mm) | b | ||
Foraging ability | Q | Bill length (mm) | b | |
Q | Tarsus length (mm) | b | ||
Reproduction | Q | Incubation (day) | a and b | |
Q | Clutch (number) | a and b | ||
Q | Nest size (mm) | a and b |
Traits | Meteorological Variables | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMT | MDR | SMT | STR | SCTD | AP | SP | SPMax | SMWS | SSD | ||
(a) Spring | |||||||||||
Families | *** | ** | *** | ° | ** | *** | ° | ° | ° | * | |
PA | −−− | −− | −−− | ° | −−− | +++ | ° | ° | ° | − | |
CG | ° | ° | − | ° | − | − | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Cha | +++ | +++ | +++ | ° | +++ | −−− | ° | ° | ° | +++ | |
Lar | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Residence | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
S | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
W | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
P | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
R | − | − | ° | − | ° | + | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Diet | * | ° | ** | ° | ** | ** | ° | ° | ° | * | |
Herbivores | −−− | − | −−− | ° | −− | +++ | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Insectivores | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Carnivores | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Piscivores | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Benthivores | ++ | +++ | +++ | ° | +++ | −−− | ° | ° | ° | −−− | |
Omnivores | ° | − | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Nest sites | ** | ** | *** | ° | *** | ** | ° | ° | ° | * | |
Bare ground | +++ | ++ | +++ | ° | +++ | --- | ° | ° | ° | ++ | |
Cliff | − | − | −− | ° | −− | ° | ° | + | ° | −− | |
Float | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Grass/shrub | −− | − | −− | ° | −− | ++ | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Tree | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Body | Mass | −−− | −−− | −−− | ° | −−− | +++ | ° | ° | + | −− |
Size | −−− | −− | −−− | ° | −−− | +++ | ° | ° | ° | ||
Flying | Wingspan | − | −− | −− | ° | −− | ++ | ° | ° | ° | −− |
Wing length | − | −− | −− | ° | −− | ++ | ° | ° | ° | −− | |
Tail length | −− | −− | −− | ° | −−− | ++ | ° | ° | ° | −− | |
Foraging | Bill length | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° |
Tarsus length | − | − | − | ° | − | + | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Reproduction | Incubation | −−− | −−− | −−− | ° | −−− | +++ | ° | ° | ° | − |
Clutch | − | ° | −− | ° | −− | + | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Nest size | −−− | −−− | −−− | ° | −− | +++ | ° | ° | ° | −− | |
(b) Autumn | |||||||||||
Families | *** | ** | * | ° | ° | *** | *** | ° | ° | ° | |
PA | −−− | −−− | −− | − | ° | +++ | +++ | ++ | ° | − | |
CG | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Cha | ++ | + | ° | ° | ° | −− | −− | − | ° | ° | |
Lar | + | ° | + | ° | ° | −− | −− | ° | ° | ° | |
Residence | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
S | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
W | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
P | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | - | ° | ° | |
R | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | + | ° | ° | |
Diet | *** | *** | ** | ° | ° | *** | *** | ** | ° | ° | |
Herbivores | −−− | −−− | −−− | ° | − | +++ | ++ | ° | + | ++ | |
Insectivores | ° | ° | ° | ° | + | ° | ° | + | ° | ° | |
Carnivores | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Piscivores | ++ | ++ | + | ° | ° | −− | − | ° | ° | ° | |
Benthivores | ++ | + | ° | ° | ° | −− | − | −−− | ° | + | |
Omnivores | − | − | ° | − | ° | ++ | ++ | ++ | ° | ° | |
Nest sites | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Bare ground | + | ° | ° | ° | ° | − | − | ° | ° | ° | |
Cliff | ° | ° | ° | ° | + | ° | ° | + | ° | ° | |
Float | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Grass/shrub | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Tree | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Body | Mass | −−− | − | −− | ° | ° | ++ | +++ | ++ | ° | − |
Size | −− | − | ° | ° | ° | ++ | ++ | + | ° | ° | |
Flying | Wingspan | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° |
Wing length | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | + | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Tail length | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | |
Foraging | Bill length | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° |
Tarsus length | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | + | + | ° | ° | ° | |
Reproduction | Incubation | − | ° | ° | ° | ° | ++ | ++ | + | ° | ° |
Clutch | −−− | −− | −− | −− | ° | +++ | +++ | ° | ° | ° | |
Nest size | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° | ° |
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Li, X.; Zeng, Q.; Lei, G.; Sun, G. Effects of Meteorological Factors on Waterbird Functional Diversity and Community Composition in Liaohe Estuary, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095392
Li X, Zeng Q, Lei G, Sun G. Effects of Meteorological Factors on Waterbird Functional Diversity and Community Composition in Liaohe Estuary, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095392
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiuzhong, Qing Zeng, Guangchun Lei, and Gongqi Sun. 2022. "Effects of Meteorological Factors on Waterbird Functional Diversity and Community Composition in Liaohe Estuary, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095392