The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Cohort
2.2. Blood Serum Measurements
2.3. PFASs Extraction and Quantitation
2.4. PFASs Detection Limits
2.5. Operationalizing Allostatic Load
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
- (a)
- Correlation coefficient for PFAS variables (Table 4)
- (b)
- Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) test (Table 5)
- (c)
- Plotting the VIF to show to values of VIF for each PFAS (Figure 4)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||
Ethnicity | Race | Number | Percent | Number | Percent |
Hispanic | Mexican American | 1715 | 49.3 | 1765 | 50.7 |
Other Hispanic | 1060 | 44.5 | 1324 | 55.5 | |
Non-Hispanic | Non-Hispanic White | 5052 | 49.3 | 5198 | 50.7 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2419 | 48.6 | 2562 | 51.4 | |
* Other Race Including Multi-Racial | 1168 | 48.9 | 1219 | 51.1 | |
Total | 11,414 | 48.12 | 12,068 | 51.88 |
PFAS | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | PFDE | PFNA | PFOS | PFUA | PFOA | PFHS | ||||||
AL | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
high | 0.159 | 0.613 | 0.440 | 1.244 | 3.295 | 10.108 | 0.133 | 0.857 | 0.828 | 1.894 | 0.730 | 1.954 |
low | 0.159 | 0.418 | 0.422 | 0.861 | 3.167 | 8.879 | 0.132 | 0.497 | 0.883 | 2.154 | 0.709 | 1.808 |
Physical Activity | ||||||||||||
1 day | 0.163 | 0.285 | 0.459 | 0.971 | 3.341 | 8.386 | 0.136 | 0.290 | 0.976 | 2.022 | 0.796 | 2.085 |
2 days | 0.154 | 0.239 | 0.460 | 1.078 | 3.214 | 8.443 | 0.129 | 0.220 | 0.892 | 2.211 | 0.767 | 1.945 |
3 days | 0.159 | 0.539 | 0.423 | 1.062 | 3.182 | 9.326 | 0.134 | 0.765 | 0.846 | 2.062 | 0.701 | 1.863 |
4 days | 0.151 | 0.203 | 0.426 | 0.804 | 3.025 | 8.089 | 0.121 | 0.175 | 0.844 | 1.758 | 0.724 | 1.730 |
5 days | 0.171 | 0.758 | 0.448 | 0.839 | 3.426 | 10.991 | 0.126 | 0.222 | 0.895 | 1.860 | 0.788 | 1.757 |
6 days | 0.152 | 0.258 | 0.416 | 0.685 | 4.155 | 17.440 | 0.132 | 0.254 | 0.997 | 2.240 | 0.819 | 2.124 |
7 days | 0.161 | 0.278 | 0.422 | 0.850 | 3.251 | 8.358 | 0.137 | 0.272 | 0.856 | 2.178 | 0.674 | 1.615 |
Smoking | ||||||||||||
yes | 0.156 | 0.375 | 0.441 | 0.900 | 3.476 | 10.214 | 0.129 | 0.556 | 0.926 | 2.040 | 0.782 | 1.891 |
no | 0.161 | 0.581 | 0.420 | 1.112 | 3.016 | 8.660 | 0.136 | 0.728 | 0.813 | 2.071 | 0.668 | 1.844 |
Alcohol | ||||||||||||
1 day | 0.1626 | 0.2847 | 0.4591 | 0.9708 | 3.341 | 8.386 | 0.1358 | 0.2896 | 0.976 | 2.0225 | 0.7956 | 2.0852 |
2 days | 0.154 | 0.2389 | 0.4599 | 1.0781 | 3.214 | 8.443 | 0.1291 | 0.2198 | 0.8924 | 2.2108 | 0.767 | 1.9453 |
3 days | 0.1589 | 0.5388 | 0.4231 | 1.0619 | 3.182 | 9.326 | 0.1337 | 0.7649 | 0.8456 | 2.0616 | 0.7013 | 1.8627 |
4 days | 0.1512 | 0.2028 | 0.4256 | 0.8036 | 3.025 | 8.089 | 0.1213 | 0.1745 | 0.8445 | 1.7576 | 0.7242 | 1.7302 |
5 days | 0.1708 | 0.7576 | 0.4478 | 0.8389 | 3.426 | 10.99 | 0.126 | 0.2216 | 0.8952 | 1.8603 | 0.7876 | 1.7571 |
6 days | 0.1521 | 0.2577 | 0.416 | 0.685 | 4.155 | 17.44 | 0.1324 | 0.2543 | 0.9971 | 2.2396 | 0.8193 | 2.1238 |
7 days | 0.1611 | 0.278 | 0.4221 | 0.8499 | 3.251 | 8.358 | 0.1372 | 0.2722 | 0.8561 | 2.1779 | 0.674 | 1.6147 |
Age Group | Mean Score Allostatic Load | Percentage of 3 or More (High) | Percentage of Less Than 3 (Low) |
---|---|---|---|
Age 20 to 39 | |||
Mexican | 2.90 | 28.60 | 71.40 |
NH/Black | 3.32 | 40.00 | 60.00 |
NH/White | 2.66 | 22.70 | 77.30 |
O/Hispanic | 2.69 | 23.40 | 76.60 |
ONH/Mul/Asian | 2.63 | 19.70 | 80.30 |
Age 40 to 59 | |||
Mexican | 3.49 | 44.80 | 55.20 |
NH/Black | 3.92 | 57.60 | 42.40 |
NH/White | 3.26 | 38.50 | 61.50 |
O/Hispanic | 3.47 | 43.30 | 56.70 |
ONH/Mul/Asian | 3.08 | 32.60 | 67.40 |
Age 60 and up | |||
Mexican | 3.58 | 47.40 | 52.60 |
NH/Black | 3.83 | 56.00 | 44.00 |
NH/White | 3.37 | 41.10 | 58.90 |
O/Hispanic | 3.64 | 47.50 | 52.50 |
ONH/Mul/Asian | 3.13 | 33.20 | 66.80 |
PFASs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFHS | PFDE | PFNA | PFUA | PFOA | PFOS | |
PFHS | 1.000 | 0.196 | 0.404 | 0.112 | 0.516 | 0.539 |
PFDE | 0.196 | 1.000 | 0.362 | 0.792 | 0.240 | 0.447 |
PFNA | 0.404 | 0.362 | 1.000 | 0.260 | 0.542 | 0.566 |
PFUA | 0.112 | 0.792 | 0.260 | 1.000 | 0.115 | 0.231 |
PFOA | 0.516 | 0.240 | 0.542 | 0.115 | 1.000 | 0.674 |
PFOS | 0.539 | 0.447 | 0.566 | 0.231 | 0.674 | 1.000 |
Variable | Coeff | SE | p-Value | (95% CI) | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFDE | 0.082 | 0.068 | 0.234 | −0.054 | 0.219 | 2.092 |
PFNA | −0.081 | 0.051 | 0.119 | −0.184 | 0.021 | 6.197 |
PFOS | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.391 | −0.002 | 0.125 | 6.212 |
PFUA | 0.030 | 0.048 | 0.542 | −0.067 | 0.126 | 2.467 |
PFOA | 0.023 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.395 | 5.139 |
PFHS | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.391 | −0.002 | 0.102 | 1.667 |
Variable | Coeff | SE | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
PFDE | −0.089 | 0.027 | 0.002 |
PFNA | −0.111 | 0.035 | 0.002 |
PFOS | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.032 |
PFUA | 0.053 | 0.083 | 0.531 |
PFOA | 0.027 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
PFHS | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.032 |
Gender | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||
Behavioral Health Covariates | Status | Number | Percent | Number | Percent |
Alcohol | yes | 9385 | 55.2 | 7605 | 44.8 |
no | 1630 | 28.7 | 4053 | 71.3 | |
Smoking | yes | 5986 | 58.6 | 4229 | 41.4 |
no | 5029 | 40.4 | 7429 | 59.6 | |
Physical Activities | |||||
1 day | At least ten minutes/day | 842 | 61.5 | 528 | 49.5 |
2 days | At least ten minutes/day | 878 | 49.5 | 896 | 50.5 |
3 days | At least ten minutes/day | 7559 | 47.4 | 8393 | 52.6 |
4 days | At least ten minutes/day | 420 | 44.9 | 515 | 55.1 |
5 days | At least ten minutes/day | 572 | 47.5 | 632 | 52.5 |
6 days | At least ten minutes/day | 153 | 48.3 | 164 | 51.7 |
7 days | At least ten minutes/day | 591 | 52.7 | 530 | 47.3 |
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Bashir, T.; Obeng-Gyasi, E. The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095455
Bashir T, Obeng-Gyasi E. The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095455
Chicago/Turabian StyleBashir, Tahir, and Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi. 2022. "The Association between Multiple Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances’ Serum Levels and Allostatic Load" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095455