Young People in the Social World of Physical Activities: Meanings and Barriers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Meanings
3.2. Barriers
3.3. The Associations of the Number of Meanings and Barriers with Physical Activity Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All % n = 2675–2728 | Boys % n = 1288–1308 | Girls % n = 1387–1421 | p-Value (χ2) | OR | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Competition and accomplishment | ||||||
Doing one’s best | 66 | 61 | 71 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.75 |
Challenging yourself and beating yourself | 51 | 48 | 54 | 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.92 |
Being hardworking and diligent | 47 | 46 | 49 | 0.153 | 0.90 | 0.77–1.07 |
Doing physical activity alone | 36 | 36 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.86–1.17 |
Success and winning | 31 | 36 | 27 | <0.001 | 1.53 | 1.30–1.80 |
Challenging others and beating others | 24 | 29 | 19 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 1.41–2.01 |
Competition | 22 | 25 | 18 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.26–1.82 |
Health and healthiness aspects | ||||||
Feeling good during or after | 68 | 58 | 77 | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.36–0.51 |
Healthiness | 67 | 61 | 73 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.50–0.69 |
Improve one’s own physical fitness level | 59 | 51 | 67 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.43–0.57 |
Activity is relaxing; refreshment | 55 | 48 | 62 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.49–0.67 |
Weight management | 50 | 42 | 58 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.45–0.51 |
Better outward appearance | 42 | 32 | 51 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 0.40–0.55 |
Expressive aspects | ||||||
Skillful performances | 34 | 37 | 31 | 0.001 | 1.31 | 1.12–1.54 |
Expressive acting, appearance | 20 | 20 | 19 | 0.332 | 1.10 | 0.91–1.33 |
Play and joy | ||||||
Joy | 66 | 58 | 73 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.44–0.61 |
Experiences of success | 61 | 55 | 66 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.75 |
New experiences | 60 | 53 | 67 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.47–0.65 |
Grief release | 56 | 48 | 64 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.44–0.63 |
Playfulness | 38 | 34 | 42 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.63–0.86 |
Social aspects | ||||||
Togetherness; cooperation with other | 61 | 56 | 66 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.55–0.76 |
Finding new friends | 47 | 43 | 51 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.64–0.86 |
Aspects of self | ||||||
Knowledge of your own body and yourself | 52 | 46 | 57 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.71 |
The dimension of growth and development | ||||||
Increasing muscular strength | 62 | 57 | 66 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.60–0.82 |
Improve skills or learn new skills | 58 | 56 | 60 | 0.080 | 0.87 | 0.49–1.01 |
Overcoming fear and excitement | 44 | 44 | 44 | 0.908 | 1.01 | 0.87–1.18 |
The dimension of discipline meanings | ||||||
Increase flexibility | 48 | 37 | 57 | <0.001 | 0.44 | 0.37–0.51 |
Fast paced | 47 | 52 | 43 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.24–1.67 |
Intelligence (gaming intelligence, witty solutions) | 47 | 55 | 39 | <0.001 | 1.93 | 1.24–1.67 |
Being outside | 42 | 38 | 45 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.63–0.86 |
Fine equipment and supplies | 27 | 29 | 26 | 0.083 | 1.12 | 0.98–1.39 |
Masculinity | 27 | 48 | 7 | <0.001 | 12.6 | 9.99–16.0 |
Roughness | 22 | 28 | 16 | <0.001 | 2.08 | 1.72–2.51 |
Femininity | 20 | 7 | 32 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.12–0.19 |
All % n = 2675–2728 | Boys % n = 1278–1298 | Girls % n = 1389–1404 | p-Value (χ2) | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual barriers | ||||||
My time is spent in other hobbies | 20 | 20 | 20 | 0.057 | 1.01 | 0.84–1.22 |
I consider exercise important, but I can’t be bothered | 20 | 19 | 21 | 0.114 | 0.89 | 0.73–1.07 |
No time for exercise | 13 | 10 | 15 | <0.001 | 0.62 | 0.49–0.78 |
Sweating feels disgusting | 10 | 8 | 13 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.46–0.76 |
I am not a physical type | 14 | 15 | 13 | 0.128 | 1.14 | 0.92–1.42 |
I am bad at exercise | 10 | 9 | 10 | 0.276 | 0.92 | 0.71–1.19 |
Exercise is boring | 6 | 7 | 5 | 0.021 | 1.40 | 1.02–1.95 |
My health limits my physical activity | 7 | 6 | 8 | 0.035 | 0.75 | 0.50–1.01 |
I am afraid of getting hurt in exercise | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.287 | 0.89 | 0.63–1.26 |
I don’t get much benefit from exercising | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0.002 | 1.97 | 1.25–3.10 |
I find exercise unnecessary | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0.002 | 2.10 | 1.28–3.30 |
Social barriers | ||||||
Exercise appreciation is low among friend | 9 | 11 | 7 | <0.001 | 1.58 | 1.21–2.07 |
Friends don’t exercise | 9 | 10 | 8 | 0.117 | 1.19 | 0.91–1.54 |
Environmental barriers | ||||||
Near my home there is no sport of my interest | 23 | 21 | 25 | 0.029 | 0.80 | 0.66–0.95 |
There are no sports facilities near my home | 15 | 14 | 17 | 0.135 | 0.84 | 0.68–1.04 |
Exercise is too competitive | 11 | 11 | 11 | 0.512 | 1.00 | 0.79–1.28 |
School physical education does not inspire | 13 | 13 | 14 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.70–1.01 |
Exercising is too expensive | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0.002 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.35 |
The Number of Physical Active Days | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zero | One | Two | Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | r | F | p | η2 | |
Meanings | 7.8 | 9.5 | 11.2 | 13.4 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 19.1 | 20.7 | 0.37 | 41.44 | <0.001 | 0.15 |
n | 55 | 114 | 209 | 345 | 371 | 331 | 278 | 416 | ||||
Barriers | 5.6 | 4.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 | −0.36 | 40.42 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
n | 52 | 115 | 188 | 297 | 328 | 320 | 250 | 389 |
Twice a Week or Less | Physical Activity 3 to 5 Times per Week | 6 to 7 Times per Week | r | F | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meaning dimensions | |||||||
Joy | 0.39 | 0.54 | 0.70 | 0.29 | 87.62 | <0.001 | 0.12 |
Growth | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.33 | 74.86 | <0.001 | 0.11 |
Health | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.27 | 90.07 | <0.001 | 0.13 |
Social | 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.27 | 59.30 | <0.001 | 0.09 |
Self-knowledge | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.20 | 37.66 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
Competition | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.35 | 80.65 | <0.001 | 0.12 |
Specific PA | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 50.54 | <0.001 | 0.08 |
Expressive | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 32.39 | <0.001 | 0.05 |
Barrier categories | |||||||
Individual barriers | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.33 | 87.62 | <0.001 | 0.13 |
Social barriers | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.17 | 20.91 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
Environmental barriers | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.08 | −0.25 | 47.21 | <0.001 | 0.08 |
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Koski, P.; Hirvensalo, M.; Villberg, J.; Kokko, S. Young People in the Social World of Physical Activities: Meanings and Barriers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095466
Koski P, Hirvensalo M, Villberg J, Kokko S. Young People in the Social World of Physical Activities: Meanings and Barriers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095466
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoski, Pasi, Mirja Hirvensalo, Jari Villberg, and Sami Kokko. 2022. "Young People in the Social World of Physical Activities: Meanings and Barriers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095466