COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: The Environmental Effect on Ultrafine Particle Content in the Airway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. EBC Sample Collection
2.3. Peripheral Blood Samples
2.4. UFP Measurement and Analysis in Biological Samples
2.5. Environmental Ambient Air Pollution Data
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Air Pollutants
3.3. Ultrafine Particles in EBC and Serum
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Group (n = 25) | Lockdown Group (n = 30) | |
---|---|---|
* Age, years (mean, range) | 41.9, 35–49 | 34, 22–48 |
Male, n (%) | 14 (56) | 10 (33) |
Smokers a, n (%) | 12 (48) | 12 (40) |
Pack years, (mean ± SD) | 3.8 ± 5.5 | 1.7 ± 3.5 |
Residence facing road, n (%) | 11 (44) | 19 (63) |
Distance from monitoring station, km (mean ± SD) | 5 ± 3.3 | 6.2 ± 7.1 |
TRAP, ppb (Mean ± SD) | Control Group (n = 25) | Lockdown Group (n = 30) | p-Value + |
---|---|---|---|
SO2 | 0.7± 0.64 | 0.36 ± 0.14 | 0.037 |
NOX | 13.65 ± 8.7 | 6.7± 2.9 | 0.01 |
NO2 | 11.24± 5 | 8.3± 3.2 | 0.01 |
NO | 3.25 ± 3.6 | 1.27 ± 1.1 | 0.014 |
O3 | 62.4 ± 17.4 | 34.1 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
Serum UFP Concentration (108/mL) | Serum CRP Level (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|
NO2—1 month of exposure (ppb) | r = 0.3, p = 0.04 | r = 0.23, p = 0.09 |
SO2—1 month of exposure (ppb) | r = 0.2, p = 0.27 | r = 0.26, p = 0.14 |
O3—1 month of exposure (ppb) | r = 0.34, p = 0.06 | r = 0.64, p < 0.001 |
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Fireman Klein, E.; Elimeleh, Y.; Adir, Y.; Majdoub, L.; Shteinberg, M.; Kessel, A. COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: The Environmental Effect on Ultrafine Particle Content in the Airway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095507
Fireman Klein E, Elimeleh Y, Adir Y, Majdoub L, Shteinberg M, Kessel A. COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: The Environmental Effect on Ultrafine Particle Content in the Airway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095507
Chicago/Turabian StyleFireman Klein, Einat, Yotam Elimeleh, Yochai Adir, Lana Majdoub, Michal Shteinberg, and Aharon Kessel. 2022. "COVID-19 Lockdown in Israel: The Environmental Effect on Ultrafine Particle Content in the Airway" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095507