Stressor-Induced Temporal Cortisol Deficiency as a Primary Trigger for Adaptation to Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Experiment Conditions
2.3. Experiment Protocol
- The first measurement of cortisol concentration at its initial level (I) at 7:00 a.m., before breakfast;
- an exertion stress test of 2000 m rowing at maximum intensity;
- the second measurement of cortisol concentration immediately after the exertion (E); and
- the third measurement of cortisol concentration after restitution (R) on the second day at 7:00 a.m., before breakfast.
2.4. Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- Cortisol concentration levels:
- ○
- I—initial (1st day, morning);
- ○
- E—after the exertion test;
- ○
- R—after restitution (2nd day, morning).
- Exertion-induced changes in cortisol levels:
- ○
- IE = RC(I, E)—immediate reaction to exertion;
- ○
- IR = RC(I, R)—the expression of this reaction after recovery.
- The training camp effects:
- ○
- ∆IE = (IEafter − IEbefore)—change in immediate reaction to exertion;
- ○
- ∆IR = (IRafter − IRbefore)—change in the after-recovery expression of the reaction;
- ○
- ∆I = RC(Ibefore, Iafter)—change in initial concentration levels;
- ○
- ∆E = RC(Ebefore, Eafter)—change in concentration levels just after exertion;
- ○
- ∆R = RC(Rbefore, Rafter)—change in concentration levels after recovery.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1st Week | Last Week | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training times [min/Day] | Days per Week | Training times [min/Day] | Days per Week | |||
Type of Exertion | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Training for force development | 80.00 | 14.14 | 2 | 75.00 | 7.07 | 2 |
Extensive endurance rowing | 77.00 | 17.31 | 7 | 78.83 | 17.09 | 6 |
High-intensity endurance rowing | 25.25 | 10.50 | 4 | 87.86 | 16.66 | 7 |
Very high-intensity endurance rowing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31.67 | 11.59 | 3 |
Unspecific training (running, among others) | 26.43 | 24.10 | 7 | 22.86 | 25.63 | 7 |
LA concentration [mmol/L] | LA concentration [mmol/L] | |||||
Lactate acid measurement | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Before exertion test at the end of a week | 1.43 | 0.20 | 1.64 | 0.57 | ||
After exertion test at the end of a week | 16.42 | 3.43 | 15.05 | 3.02 |
Before Training | After Training | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Cortisol concentration [nmol/L] | I | 146.0 [133.9, 158.1] | 22.78 | 160.1 [138.4, 181.8] | 40.69 |
E | 121.2 [112.0, 130.4] | 17.31 | 151.9 [128.2, 175.6] | 44.51 | |
R | 176.9 [163.6, 190.2] | 24.97 | 156.7 [140.2, 173.3] | 31.14 | |
Reaction to exertion (%) | IE | −16.98 [−22.16, −11.79] | 9.73 | −8.59 [−14.92, −2.26] | 11.87 |
IR | 19.87 [13.95, 25.80] | 11.12 | 1.42 [−10.36, 13.20] | 22.11 | |
Training effects | Mean (%) | Cohen’s d | Cliff’s δ | p | |
ΔI | 8.95 [−0.18, 18.09] | 0.52 [−0.01, 1.05] | 0.37 [−0.17, 0.74] | 0.054 | |
ΔIE | 7.14 [−1.27, 15.56] | 0.45 [−0.08, 0.98] | 0.25 [−0.28, 0.66] | 0.090 | |
ΔIR | −20.84 [−35.83, −5.85] | −0.74 [−1.27, −0.21] | −0.5 [−0.82, 0.05] | 0.010 | |
ΔE | 19.07 [8.33, 29.82] | 0.95 [0.41, 1.48] | 0.75 [0.21, 0.94] | 0.002 | |
ΔR | −13.79 [−23.02, −4.46] | −0.80 [−1.33, −0.26] | −0.5 [−0.82, 0.05] | 0.006 |
Before Training | After Training | Training Effect (Δ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
τ | p | τ | p | τ | p | |
I | 0.15 [−0.25, 0.51] | 0.417 | 0.10 [−0.30, 0.47] | 0.588 | −0.16 [−0.51, 0.24] | 0.392 |
IE | −0.23 [−0.56, 0.17] | 0.224 | 0.41 [0.03, 0.69] | 0.027 | 0.56 [0.22, 0.78] | 0.003 |
IR | 0.06 [−0.33, 0.43] | 0.752 | 0.02 [−0.36, 0.41] | 0.892 | 0.07 [−0.32, 0.45] | 0.685 |
E | 0.14 [−0.26, 0.50] | 0.470 | 0.42 [0.04, 0.70] | 0.024 | 0.53 [0.18, 0.76] | 0.005 |
R | 0.15 [−0.25, 0.51] | 0.417 | 0.13 [−0.27, 0.49] | 0.498 | 0.09 [−0.3, 0.46] | 0.620 |
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Latour, E.; Arlet, J.; Latour, E.; Latour, M.; Basta, P.; Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. Stressor-Induced Temporal Cortisol Deficiency as a Primary Trigger for Adaptation to Stress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095633
Latour E, Arlet J, Latour E, Latour M, Basta P, Skarpańska-Stejnborn A. Stressor-Induced Temporal Cortisol Deficiency as a Primary Trigger for Adaptation to Stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095633
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatour, Ewa, Jarosław Arlet, Emilia Latour, Marianna Latour, Piotr Basta, and Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn. 2022. "Stressor-Induced Temporal Cortisol Deficiency as a Primary Trigger for Adaptation to Stress" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095633