Social Frailty and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measure
2.2.1. Health-Related Quality of Life: EQ-5D
2.2.2. Social Frailty
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristic of the Participants and HRQoL
3.2. Association of Social Frailty and HRQOL
3.3. Influencing Factors of HRQOL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Category | N (%) | HRQoL | p † (Post Hoc Test) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Range) | ||||
Sex | Male | 234 (31.8) | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.91 (0.51–0.95) | <0.001 |
Female | 501 (68.2) | 0.82 ± 0.11 | 0.85 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Age (year) | 65–74 a | 335 (45.6) | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.91 (0.40–0.95) | <0.001 |
75–84 b | 332 (45.2) | 0.82 ± 0.11 | 0.82 (0.36–0.95) | (a > b > c) | |
85+ c | 68 (9.3) | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.72 (0.38–0.95) | ||
Health insurance | National health insurance | 587 (79.9) | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 0.91 (0.38–0.95) | <0.001 |
Medicaid | 148 (20.1) | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.77 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Education | No school a | 217 (29.5) | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.77 (0.36–0.95) | <0.001 |
Elementary b | 249 (33.9) | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.87 (0.51–0.95) | (a > b > c) | |
More than middle school c | 269 (36.6) | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.91 (0.40–0.95) | ||
IADL dependency | No | 586 (79.7) | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.91 (0.51–0.95) | <0.001 |
Yes | 149 (20.3) | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.72 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Chronic disease | None a | 70 (9.5) | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.91 (0.68–0.95) | <0.001 |
1–2 b | 475 (64.6) | 0.84 ± 0.11 | 0.87 (0.36–0.95) | (a > b > c) | |
3+ c | 190 (25.9) | 0.81 ± 0.11 | 0.82 (0.40–0.95) | ||
Cognitive function | Normal | 707 (96.2) | 0.84 ± 0.11 | 0.87 (0.36–0.95) | 0.001 |
Impairment | 28 (3.8) | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.77 (0.68–0.95) | ||
Depression | Normal a | 485 (66.0) | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.91 (0.38–0.95) | <0.001 |
Mild b | 185 (25.2) | 0.78 ± 0.10 | 0.77 (0.40–0.95) | (a > b,c) | |
Severe c | 65 (8.8) | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.72 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Self-rated health | Good | 191 (26.0) | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.91 (0.60–0.95) | <0.001 |
Average | 303 (41.2) | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.91 (0.54–0.95) | (a > b > c) | |
Poor | 241 (32.8) | 0.77 ± 0.11 | 0.77 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Total | 735 (100.0) | 0.84 ± 0.11 | 0.91 (0.36–0.95) |
Characteristics | Category | N (%) | HRQoL | p † (Post Hoc Test) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Range) | ||||
Social frailty | Robust a | 151 (20.5) | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.91 (0.60–0.95) | <0.001 |
Pre-frail b | 228 (31.0) | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.91 (0.54–0.95) | (a > b > c) | |
Frail c | 356 (48.4) | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.77 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Component 1: being alone | No | 402 (54.7) | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.91 (0.36–0.95) | <0.001 |
Yes | 333 (45.3) | 0.81 ± 0.11 | 0.82 (0.38–0.95) | ||
Component 2: going out less frequently compared to last year | No | 351 (47.8) | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.91 (0.36–0.95) | <0.001 |
Yes | 384 (52.2) | 0.82 ± 0.11 | 0.82 (0.40–0.95) | ||
Component 3: conversing with someone every day | Yes | 601 (81.8) | 0.85 ± 0.10 | 0.91 (0.36–0.95) | <0.001 |
No | 134 (18.2) | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.77 (0.38–0.95) | ||
Component 4: visiting the homes of friends sometimes | Yes | 495 (67.3) | 0.87 ± 0.90 | 0.91 (0.54–0.95) | <0.001 |
No | 240 (32.7) | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.77 (0.36–0.95) | ||
Component 5: feeling useful to your family and friends | Yes | 510 (69.4) | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 0.91 (0.40–0.95) | <0.001 |
No | 225 (30.6) | 0.78 ± 0.11 | 0.79 (0.36–0.95) |
HRQoLDimension | Category | Stages of Social Frailty | χ2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Robust n (%) | Pre-Frail n (%) | Frail n (%) | Total n (%) | ||||
Mobility | No | 126 (83.4) | 163 (71.5) | 142 (39.9) | 431 (58.6) | 105.45 | <0.001 |
Some or severe | 25 (16.6) | 65 (28.5) | 214 (60.1) | 304 (41.4) | |||
Self-care | No | 145 (96.0) | 203 (89.0) | 295 (82.9) | 643 (87.5) | 17.50 | <0.001 |
Some or severe | 6 (4.0) | 25 (11.0) | 61 (17.1) | 92 (12.5) | |||
Usual activity | No | 130 (86.1) | 186 (81.6) | 197 (55.3) | 513 (69.8) | 69.34 | <0.001 |
Some or severe | 21 (13.9) | 42 (18.4) | 159 (44.7) | 222 (30.2) | |||
Pain/discomfort | No | 74 (49.0) | 82 (36.0) | 65 (18.3) | 221 (30.1) | 53.14 | <0.001 |
Some or severe | 77 (51.0) | 146 (64.0) | 291 (81.7) | 514 (69.9) | |||
Anxiety/depression | No | 131 (86.8) | 155 (68.0) | 172 (48.3) | 458 (62.3) | 71.24 | <0.001 |
Some or severe | 20 (13.2) | 73 (32.0) | 184 (51.7) | 277 (37.7) |
Characteristics | Category | Bt | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social frailty | Robust † | |||
Pre-frail | −0.01 | −1.52 | 0.130 | |
Frail | −0.04 | −4.32 | <0.001 | |
Sex | Male † | |||
Female | −0.02 | −2.83 | 0.005 | |
Age | 65–74 years † | |||
75–84 years | −0.01 | −1.07 | 0.287 | |
85+ | −0.023 | −1.91 | 0.057 | |
Health insurance | National health insurance † | |||
Medicaid | −0.01 | −0.62 | 0.539 | |
Education | No school | −0.02 | −2.50 | 0.013 |
Elementary | −0.02 | −2.66 | 0.008 | |
More than middle school† | ||||
IADL dependency | No † | |||
Yes | −0.06 | −6.90 | <0.001 | |
Chronic disease | None † | |||
1–2 | −0.21 | −2.03 | 0.043 | |
3+ | −0.02 | −1.94 | 0.052 | |
Cognitive function | Normal † | |||
Impairment | 0.03 | 1.79 | 0.073 | |
Depression | Normal † | |||
Mild | −0.04 | −5.10 | <0.001 | |
Severe | −0.42 | −3.62 | <0.001 | |
Self-rated health | Good † | |||
Average | −0.03 | −4.24 | <0.001 | |
Poor | −0.08 | −8.55 | <0.001 | |
Likelihood ratio chi (p) | 242.43 (<0.001) |
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Ko, Y.; Lee, K. Social Frailty and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095659
Ko Y, Lee K. Social Frailty and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095659
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Young, and Kyounga Lee. 2022. "Social Frailty and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095659