Effects of Changes in Environmental Color Chroma on Heart Rate Variability and Stress by Gender
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Configuration of Experimental Colors
2.2. Research Procedure
2.3. Method of Measuring HRV
2.4. Color–Stress Assessment
2.5. Participants
2.6. HRV Measurement Environment
2.7. Statistical Analysis Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
3.1.1. HRV Results by Gender According to Changes in Environmental Color Chroma
3.1.2. Stress Assessment Results According to Changes in Environmental Color Chroma
3.2. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Minolta CM-2500d | |
---|---|---|
Illumination, viewing system | di:8, de:8 (diffuse illumination, 8-degree viewing), equipped with simultaneous measurement of specular component included (SCI)/specular component excluded (SCE), conforms to CIE No.15, ISO 7724/1, ASTM E1164, DIN 5033 Teil 7, and JIS Z8722 condition C standard | |
Wavelength range | 360–740 nm | |
Wavelength pitch | 10 nm | |
Reflectance range | 0 to 175%, resolution: 0.01% | |
Light source | Two pulsed xenon lamps |
Category | Range of Wall Color Data (Min–Max) | Average Color Data | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Range of Value | Range of Chroma | Value | Chroma | |
Dominant color | 5.3–9.5 | 0.3–4.2 | 8.6 | 1.8 |
Complementary color | 5.2–10.2 | 0.1–6.6 | 7.4 | 2.5 |
Accent color | 3.2–8.5 | 0.2–10.3 | 6.3 | 3.4 |
| | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model | uBio Macpa | Model | uBio Macpa Software Application |
Power | 220 V, 60 Hz for computer system and 5V-DC through USB for measurement probe | CPU | Pentium IV 1 GHz above |
Power Consumption | 0.25 W | OS | Windows 2000 Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7/8/10/11 |
Dimensions | 58 mm (W) × 27 mm (H) × 32 mm (D) | Memory | 1 GB above |
Measurement Range | 40–200 BPM | Disk | 100 GB above |
Emotional Vocabulary | Researcher | |
---|---|---|
Doctoral dissertation | Annoyed-enjoyable/noisy-quiet/hopeful-worried/bored-comfortable/looks strong-looks gentle/confident-unconfident/calm-passionate/relaxing-irritating/like-dislike/feel weak-feel strong/oppress-encourage/overwhelmed-free/sleepy-sober/adorable-frustrated/noisy-quiet/depressed–cheerful/firm-soft/easy-nervous | Yu (2009) [54] |
Vivid-subtle/rough-soft/strong-weak/warm-cold/bright-dark/natural-unnatural/clear-dull/not dazzling-dazzling/clear-blurry/light-heavy/pleasant-unpleasant | Seo (2015) [55] | |
Happy-unhappy/enjoyable-annoying/hopeful-hopeless/fun-boring/stable-stimulating/calm-excited/relaxed-tensioned/active-static/pleasant-unpleasant/bright-dark/warm-cold/light-heavy/clear-sleepy/confident-afraid/affecting-affected/strong-weak | Ryu (2016) [56] | |
Warm-cold/bright-dark/light-heavy/vivid-murky/soft-hard/active-static/like-dislike | Ha (2018) [57] | |
▼ (Evaluation by three experts) ▼ | ||
Final vocabulary | Hopeless–hopeful/annoying–enjoyable/tensioned–relaxed/depressed–cheerful/boring–fun/overwhelming–free/dislike–like |
Model | Color Temperature | CRI | Light Output | |
Osram FHF32SS EX-D | 6500 K | 60 | 2850 lm |
Model | Measurement | Measurement Range (Accuracy) | | |
Lutron LM-81LX | Illuminance | Lux | Foot-candle | |
0–20,000 lux (±5% rdg ±8 dgt) | 0–2000 Fc (±5% rdg ±8 dgt) |
Green | Blue | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classification | Male Mean (SD) | Female Mean (SD) | Classification | Male Mean (SD) | Female Mean (SD) | ||
G1 (5G 8.6/1.8) | ln(LF) | 7.81 (0.95) | 7.55 (0.84) | B1 (5B 8.6/1.8) | ln(LF) | 8.34 (0.86) | 7.49 (0.64) |
ln(HF) | 6.77 (0.75) | 6.83 (0.94) | ln(HF) | 7.08 (0.68) | 6.80 (0.88) | ||
RMSSD | 29.87 (12.18) | 35.87 (21.10) | RMSSD | 31.26 (12.48) | 38.19 (21.13) | ||
G2 (5G 6.3/1.8) | ln(LF) | 8.18 (0.84) | 7.54 (0.71) | B2 (5B 6.3/1.8) | ln(LF) | 8.22 (0.81) | 7.59 (0.82) |
ln(HF) | 6.79 (0.61) | 6.95 (0.72) | ln(HF) | 6.71 (0.77) | 7.07 (0.81) | ||
RMSSD | 29.44 (14.48) | 35.49 (17.05) | RMSSD | 29.39 (11.94) | 36.95 (18.78) | ||
G3 (5G 8.6/4.8) | ln(LF) | 7.87 (0.65) | 7.37 (0.74) | B3 (5B 8.6/4.8) | ln(LF) | 7.80 (0.94) | 7.44 (1.01) |
ln(HF) | 6.78 (0.64) | 6.78 (0.95) | ln(HF) | 6.90 (0.76) | 6.77 (1.03) | ||
RMSSD | 29.14 (14.61) | 36.07 (24.12) | RMSSD | 29.83 (13.31) | 34.73 (20.66) | ||
G4 (5G 6.3/4.8) | ln(LF) | 8.01 (0.77) | 7.68 (0.75) | B4 (5B 6.3/4.8) | ln(LF) | 7.83 (1.01) | 7.58 (0.90) |
ln(HF) | 6.83 (0.63) | 6.84 (0.88) | ln(HF) | 6.78 (1.02) | 6.91 (0.96) | ||
RMSSD | 29.14 (12.24) | 35.88 (18.64) | RMSSD | 29.16 (13.19) | 38.65 (20.99) | ||
G5 (5G 8.6/7.8) | ln(LF) | 8.17 (1.15) | 7.39 (0.94) | B5 (5B 8.6/7.8) | ln(LF) | 7.72 (0.99) | 7.45 (0.78) |
ln(HF) | 6.81 (0.94) | 6.81 (0.86) | ln(HF) | 6.68 (0.63) | 6.91 (0.85) | ||
RMSSD | 30.39 (14.34) | 36.40 (19.32) | RMSSD | 30.14 (13.66) | 37.49 (20.21) | ||
G6 (5G 6.3/7.8) | ln(LF) | 7.62 (0.63) | 7.18 (1.09) | B6 (5B 6.3/7.8) | ln(LF) | 7.64 (0.82) | 7.57 (0.90) |
ln(HF) | 6.64 (0.66) | 6.63 (1.05) | ln(HF) | 6.77 (0.83) | 6.73 (0.97) | ||
RMSSD | 28.39 (12.92) | 33.80 (21.42) | RMSSD | 27.54 (11.69) | 34.04 (20.89) |
Color | Variable | Sub-Factors | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before × G1 × G3 × G5 | Color | ln(LF) | 1.759 | 3 | 0.586 | 0.992 | 0.401 |
ln(HF) | 0.405 | 3 | 0.135 | 0.220 | 0.882 | ||
RMSSD | 365.440 | 3 | 121.813 | 0.365 | 0.778 | ||
Gender | ln(LF) | 2.761 | 1 | 2.761 | 4.667 | 0.033 * | |
ln(HF) | 0.747 | 1 | 0.747 | 1.220 | 0.272 | ||
RMSSD | 1032.256 | 1 | 1032.256 | 3.095 | 0.082 | ||
Color × Gender | ln(LF) | 1.308 | 3 | 0.436 | 0.737 | 0.533 | |
ln(HF) | 0.870 | 3 | 0.290 | 0.474 | 0.701 | ||
RMSSD | 16.675 | 3 | 5.558 | 0.017 | 0.997 | ||
Error | ln(LF) | 52.050 | 88 | 0.591 | |||
ln(HF) | 53.870 | 88 | 0.612 | ||||
RMSSD | 29,351.826 | 88 | 333.543 | ||||
Before × G2 × G4 × G6 | Color | ln(LF) | 3.307 | 3 | 1.102 | 1.459 | 0.231 |
ln(HF) | 1.109 | 3 | 0.370 | 0.531 | 0.662 | ||
RMSSD | 474.934 | 3 | 158.311 | 0.515 | 0.673 | ||
Gender | ln(LF) | 3.388 | 1 | 3.388 | 4.484 | 0.037 * | |
ln(HF) | 0.352 | 1 | 0.352 | 0.505 | 0.479 | ||
RMSSD | 971.210 | 1 | 971.210 | 3.162 | 0.079 | ||
Color × Gender | ln(LF) | 1.693 | 3 | 0.564 | 0.747 | 0.527 | |
ln(HF) | 1.106 | 3 | 0.369 | 0.529 | 0.663 | ||
RMSSD | 23.019 | 3 | 7.673 | 0.025 | 0.995 | ||
Error | ln(LF) | 66.501 | 88 | 0.756 | |||
ln(HF) | 61.284 | 88 | 0.696 | ||||
RMSSD | 27,025.290 | 88 | 307.106 | ||||
Before× B1 × B3 × B5 | Color | ln(LF) | 3.287 | 3 | 1.096 | 1.643 | 0.185 |
ln(HF) | 0.188 | 3 | 0.063 | 0.094 | 0.963 | ||
RMSSD | 324.959 | 3 | 108.320 | 0.349 | 0.790 | ||
Gender | ln(LF) | 4.824 | 1 | 4.824 | 7.233 | 0.009 ** | |
ln(HF) | 0.298 | 1 | 0.298 | 0.447 | 0.506 | ||
RMSSD | 1064.336 | 1 | 1064.336 | 3.431 | 0.067 | ||
Color × Gender | ln(LF) | 2.252 | 3 | 0.751 | 1.125 | 0.343 | |
ln(HF) | 2.431 | 3 | 0.810 | 1.216 | 0.309 | ||
RMSSD | 33.331 | 3 | 11.110 | 0.036 | 0.991 | ||
Error | ln(LF) | 58.699 | 88 | 0.667 | |||
ln(HF) | 58.642 | 88 | 0.666 | ||||
RMSSD | 27,300.225 | 88 | 310.230 | ||||
Before × B2 × B4 × B6 | Color | ln(LF) | 0.640 | 3 | 0.213 | 0.297 | 0.827 |
ln(HF) | 0.492 | 3 | 0.164 | 0.224 | 0.879 | ||
RMSSD | 475.648 | 3 | 158.549 | 0.493 | 0.688 | ||
Gender | ln(LF) | 0.504 | 1 | 0.504 | 0.702 | 0.404 | |
ln(HF) | 1.008 | 1 | 1.008 | 1.378 | 0.244 | ||
RMSSD | 1391.613 | 1 | 1391.613 | 4.326 | 0.040 * | ||
Color × Gender | ln(LF) | 0.292 | 3 | 0.097 | 0.135 | 0.939 | |
ln(HF) | 0.870 | 3 | 0.290 | 0.397 | 0.756 | ||
RMSSD | 27.455 | 3 | 9.152 | 0.028 | 0.993 | ||
Error | ln(LF) | 63.207 | 88 | 0.718 | |||
ln(HF) | 64.354 | 88 | 0.731 | ||||
RMSSD | 28,307.503 | 88 | 321.676 |
G1 × G3 × G5 (Green-High-Value) | G2 × G4 × G6 (Green-Low-Value) |
| |
B1 × B3 × B5 (Blue-high-value) | B2 × B4 × B6 (Blue-low-value) |
| |
Color | Variable | Sub-Factors | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 × G3 × G5 | Color | Hopeless–hopeful | 7.622 | 2 | 3.811 | 4.908 | 0.010 * |
Annoying–enjoyable | 3.846 | 2 | 1.923 | 3.372 | 0.040 * | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 0.024 | 2 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.984 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 7.180 | 2 | 3.590 | 5.358 | 0.007 ** | ||
Boring–fun | 6.369 | 2 | 3.184 | 4.972 | 0.010 * | ||
Overwhelming–free | 2.239 | 2 | 1.119 | 1.472 | 0.237 | ||
Dislike–like | 1.757 | 2 | 0.879 | 1.945 | 0.151 | ||
Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.675 | 1 | 0.675 | 0.869 | 0.355 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 0.370 | 1 | 0.370 | 0.649 | 0.423 | ||
Tensioned –relaxed | 2.904 | 1 | 2.904 | 3.934 | 0.051 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 0.181 | 1 | 0.181 | 0.271 | 0.605 | ||
Boring–fun | 0.156 | 1 | 0.156 | 0.244 | 0.623 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | ||
Dislike–like | 0.268 | 1 | 0.268 | 0.592 | 0.444 | ||
Color × Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.622 | 2 | 0.311 | 0.401 | 0.671 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 0.069 | 2 | 0.034 | 0.060 | 0.942 | ||
Tensioned –relaxed | 0.302 | 2 | 0.151 | 0.204 | 0.816 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 1.513 | 2 | 0.756 | 1.129 | 0.330 | ||
Boring–fun | 1.702 | 2 | 0.851 | 1.329 | 0.272 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.239 | 2 | 0.119 | 0.157 | 0.855 | ||
Dislike–like | 1.035 | 2 | 0.518 | 1.145 | 0.324 | ||
Error | Hopeless–hopeful | 51.244 | 66 | 0.776 | |||
Annoying–enjoyable | 37.644 | 66 | 0.570 | ||||
Tensioned–relaxed | 48.711 | 66 | 0.738 | ||||
Depressed–cheerful | 44.222 | 66 | 0.670 | ||||
Boring–fun | 42.267 | 66 | 0.640 | ||||
Overwhelming–free | 50.178 | 66 | 0.760 | ||||
Dislike–like | 29.822 | 66 | 0.452 |
Color | Variable | Sub-Factors | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G2 × G4 × G6 | Color | Hopeless–hopeful | 8.724 | 2 | 4.362 | 12.018 | 0.000 *** |
Annoying–enjoyable | 2.022 | 2 | 1.011 | 3.374 | 0.040 * | ||
Tensioned –relaxed | 3.969 | 2 | 1.984 | 2.039 | 0.138 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 6.535 | 2 | 3.268 | 8.871 | 0.000 *** | ||
Boring–fun | 2.467 | 2 | 1.233 | 2.120 | 0.128 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 6.080 | 2 | 3.040 | 4.560 | 0.014 * | ||
Dislike–like | 2.502 | 2 | 1.251 | 1.841 | 0.167 | ||
Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.237 | 1 | 0.237 | 0.653 | 0.422 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 1.200 | 1 | 1.200 | 4.004 | 0.049 * | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 1.712 | 1 | 1.712 | 1.759 | 0.189 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 2.904 | 1 | 2.904 | 7.883 | 0.007 ** | ||
Boring–fun | 1.008 | 1 | 1.008 | 1.733 | 0.193 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.004 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.941 | ||
Dislike–like | 2.223 | 1 | 2.223 | 3.272 | 0.075 | ||
Color × Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.391 | 2 | 0.195 | 0.538 | 0.586 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 0.022 | 2 | 0.011 | 0.037 | 0.964 | ||
Tensioned –relaxed | 2.024 | 2 | 1.012 | 1.040 | 0.359 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 0.035 | 2 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.953 | ||
Boring–fun | 0.467 | 2 | 0.233 | 0.401 | 0.671 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.413 | 2 | 0.206 | 0.310 | 0.735 | ||
Dislike–like | 1.724 | 2 | 0.862 | 1.269 | 0.288 | ||
Error | Hopeless–hopeful | 23.956 | 66 | 0.363 | |||
Annoying–enjoyable | 19.778 | 66 | 0.300 | ||||
Tensioned –relaxed | 64.222 | 66 | 0.973 | ||||
Depressed–cheerful | 24.311 | 66 | 0.368 | ||||
Boring–fun | 38.400 | 66 | 0.582 | ||||
Overwhelming–free | 44.000 | 66 | 0.667 | ||||
Dislike–like | 44.844 | 66 | 0.679 |
Color | Variable | Sub-Factors | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 × B3 × B5 | Color | Hopeless–hopeful | 14.506 | 2 | 7.253 | 12.366 | 0.000 *** |
Annoying–enjoyable | 17.002 | 2 | 8.501 | 14.748 | 0.000 *** | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 1.906 | 2 | 0.953 | 1.066 | 0.350 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 16.772 | 2 | 8.386 | 14.914 | 0.000 *** | ||
Boring–fun | 15.591 | 2 | 7.795 | 9.920 | 0.000 *** | ||
Overwhelming–free | 8.357 | 2 | 4.179 | 7.084 | 0.002 ** | ||
Dislike–like | 1.672 | 2 | 0.836 | 1.047 | 0.357 | ||
Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.408 | 1 | 0.408 | 0.696 | 0.407 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 0.023 | 1 | 0.023 | 0.040 | 0.842 | ||
Tensioned –relaxed | 0.533 | 1 | 0.533 | 0.597 | 0.443 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 0.033 | 1 | 0.033 | 0.059 | 0.808 | ||
Boring–fun | 0.112 | 1 | 0.112 | 0.143 | 0.707 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 1.556 | 1 | 1.556 | 2.639 | 0.109 | ||
Dislike–like | 8.533 | 1 | 8.533 | 10.685 | 0.002 ** | ||
Color × Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.506 | 2 | 0.253 | 0.431 | 0.652 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 0.557 | 2 | 0.279 | 0.483 | 0.619 | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 1.739 | 2 | 0.869 | 0.973 | 0.383 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 0.106 | 2 | 0.053 | 0.094 | 0.911 | ||
Boring–fun | 0.980 | 2 | 0.490 | 0.623 | 0.539 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.635 | 2 | 0.318 | 0.538 | 0.586 | ||
Dislike–like | 0.672 | 2 | 0.336 | 0.421 | 0.658 | ||
Error | Hopeless–hopeful | 38.711 | 66 | 0.587 | |||
Annoying–enjoyable | 38.044 | 66 | 0.576 | ||||
Tensioned –relaxed | 58.978 | 66 | 0.894 | ||||
Depressed–cheerful | 37.111 | 66 | 0.562 | ||||
Boring–fun | 51.867 | 66 | 0.786 | ||||
Overwhelming–free | 38.933 | 66 | 0.590 | ||||
Dislike–like | 52.711 | 66 | 0.799 |
Color | Variable | Sub-Factors | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2 × B4 × B6 | Color | Hopeless–hopeful | 13.891 | 2 | 6.945 | 12.908 | 0.000 *** |
Annoying–enjoyable | 3.439 | 2 | 1.719 | 4.694 | 0.012 * | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 2.069 | 2 | 1.034 | 1.099 | 0.339 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 8.985 | 2 | 4.493 | 7.008 | 0.002 ** | ||
Boring–fun | 17.917 | 2 | 8.958 | 16.067 | 0.000 *** | ||
Overwhelming–free | 9.580 | 2 | 4.790 | 5.947 | 0.004 ** | ||
Dislike–like | 3.563 | 2 | 1.781 | 2.601 | 0.082 | ||
Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.237 | 1 | 0.237 | 0.441 | 0.509 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 0.300 | 1 | 0.300 | 0.819 | 0.369 | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 0.579 | 1 | 0.579 | 0.615 | 0.436 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 0.023 | 1 | 0.023 | 0.036 | 0.850 | ||
Boring–fun | 0.408 | 1 | 0.408 | 0.732 | 0.395 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.890 | 1 | 0.890 | 1.105 | 0.297 | ||
Dislike–like | 0.334 | 1 | 0.334 | 0.488 | 0.487 | ||
Color × Gender | Hopeless–hopeful | 0.169 | 2 | 0.084 | 0.157 | 0.855 | |
Annoying–enjoyable | 2.606 | 2 | 1.303 | 3.556 | 0.034 * | ||
Tensioned–relaxed | 2.124 | 2 | 1.062 | 1.129 | 0.330 | ||
Depressed–cheerful | 0.541 | 2 | 0.270 | 0.422 | 0.658 | ||
Boring–fun | 0.417 | 2 | 0.208 | 0.374 | 0.690 | ||
Overwhelming–free | 0.246 | 2 | 0.123 | 0.153 | 0.859 | ||
Dislike–like | 2.341 | 2 | 1.170 | 1.709 | 0.189 | ||
Error | Hopeless–hopeful | 35.511 | 66 | 0.538 | |||
Annoying–enjoyable | 24.178 | 66 | 0.366 | ||||
Tensioned–relaxed | 62.089 | 66 | 0.941 | ||||
Depressed–cheerful | 42.311 | 66 | 0.641 | ||||
Boring–fun | 36.800 | 66 | 0.558 | ||||
Overwhelming–free | 53.156 | 66 | 0.805 | ||||
Dislike–like | 45.200 | 66 | 0.685 |
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Oh, J.; Park, H. Effects of Changes in Environmental Color Chroma on Heart Rate Variability and Stress by Gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095711
Oh J, Park H. Effects of Changes in Environmental Color Chroma on Heart Rate Variability and Stress by Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095711
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Jiyoung, and Heykyung Park. 2022. "Effects of Changes in Environmental Color Chroma on Heart Rate Variability and Stress by Gender" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095711