Regional Disparities in Caries Experience and Associating Factors of Ghanaian Children Aged 3 to 13 Years in Urban Accra and Rural Kpando
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable (n, %) or (Mean ± SD) | Urban Accra n = 156 | Rural Kpando n = 157 | p-Value | Total Study Population n = 313 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
age (years) | 7.7 ± 3.9 | 7.7 ± 3.7 | - | 7.7 ± 3.8 | ||||
sex | female | 83 | 53.2 | 70 | 44.6 | 0.127 | 153 | 48.9 |
male | 73 | 46.8 | 78 | 55.4 | 160 | 51.1 | ||
1 family status (69 missing) | single parent | 17 | 14.7 | 20 | 15.6 | 0.833 | 37 | 15.2 |
married parents | 99 | 85.3 | 108 | 84.4 | 207 | 84.8 | ||
1 parent’s education level (187 missing) | none | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4.8 | <0.001 | 3 | 2.4 |
low | 1 | 1.6 | 9 | 14.5 | 10 | 7.9 | ||
middle | 17 | 26.6 | 32 | 51.6 | 49 | 38.9 | ||
high | 46 | 71.9 | 18 | 29.0 | 64 | 50.8 | ||
1 parent’s occupation level (120 missing) | labourer | 23 | 26.4 | 70 | 66.0 | <0.001 | 93 | 48.2 |
employee | 55 | 63.2 | 35 | 33.0 | 90 | 46.6 | ||
higher position | 9 | 10.3 | 1 | 0.9 | 10 | 5.2 | ||
school facility type | state | 71 | 45.5 | 69 | 43.9 | 0.781 | 140 | 44.7 |
private | 85 | 54.4 | 88 | 56.1 | 173 | 55.3 |
Caries Prevalence | Caries Experience | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n | % | p-Value | dmft | DMFT | dmft+DMFT | SiC | SaC | p-Value | |
region | urban Accra | 156 | 40.4 | 0.782 | 0.97 ± 1.65 | 0.83 ± 1.39 | 0.96 ± 1.58 | 2.65 ± 1.71 | 2.37 ± 1.68 | 0.855 |
rural Kpando | 157 | 38.9 | 1.48 ± 2.56 | 0.49 ± 0.98 | 1.22 ± 2.26 | 3.52 ± 2.73 | 3.15 ± 2.68 | |||
age | 3–4 years | 93 | 36.6 | 0.313 | 1.23 ± 2.37 | - | - | 3.58 ± 2.93 | 3.35 ± 2.89 | 0.202 |
6–7 years | 103 | 45.6 | 1.23 ± 1.99 | - | - | 3.42 ± 2.12 | 2.86 ± 2.12 | |||
12–13 years | 117 | 36.8 | - | 0.67 ± 1.22 | - | 1.95 ± 1.39 | 1.90 ± 1.37 | |||
total | 313 | 39.6 | 1.23 ± 2.17 | 0.67 ± 1.22 | 1.09 ± 1.95 | 3.09 ± 2.31 | 2.75 ± 2.25 |
Variable (n, %) | Urban Accra n = 156 | Effect | Rural Kpando n = 157 | Effect | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caries Prevalence (%) | dmft+DMFT | SiC | SaC | Caries Prevalence (%) | dmft+DMFT | SiC | SaC | For Caries Prevalence | For dmft+DMFT | ||||
1 family status | single parent | 17 | 35.3 | 0.82 ± 1.38 | 2.33 ± 1.37 | 2.33 ± 1.37 | 20 | 45.0 | 1.25 ± 1.97 | 3.29 ± 2.14 | 2.78 ± 2.11 | 0.549 | 0.525 |
married parent | 99 | 43.4 | 1.02 ± 1.62 | 2.76 ± 1.75 | 2.35 ± 1.70 | 108 | 37.0 | 1.12 ± 2.24 | 3.25 ± 2.87 | 3.03 ± 2.81 | 0.348 | 0.527 | |
1 parent’s educational level | none | 0 | - | - | - | - | 3 | 33.3 | 2.30 ± 4.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | - | - |
low | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 44.4 | 0.55 ± 0.73 | 1.33 ± 0.58 | 1.25 ± 0.50 | 1.0 | 0.426 | |
middle | 17 | 35.3 | 1.29 ± 2.08 | 3.7 ± 1.86 | 3.67 ± 1.86 | 32 | 46.9 | 1.72 ± 3.09 | 4.63 ± 3.88 | 3.67 ± 3.68 | 0.436 | 0.633 | |
high | 46 | 34.8 | 0.80 ± 1.42 | 2.40 ± 1.55 | 2.31 ± 1.54 | 18 | 16.7 | 0.50 ± 1.20 | 1.50 ± 1.76 | 3.00 ± 1.00 | 0.154 | 0.218 | |
1 parent’s occupation level | labourer | 23 | 34.8 | 0.83 ± 1.44 | 2.38 ± 1.51 | 2.38 ± 1.51 | 70 | 40.0 | 1.16 ± 2.10 | 3.30 ± 2.55 | 2.89 ± 2.47 | 0.656 | 0.625 |
employee | 55 | 45.5 | 1.16 ± 1.73 | 3.17 ± 1.69 | 2.56 ± 1.73 | 35 | 40.0 | 1.51 ± 2.87 | 4.25 ± 3.60 | 3.79 ± 3.51 | 0.611 | 0.876 | |
higher position | 9 | 11.1 | 0.11 ± 0.33 | 0.33 ± 0.58 | 1.0 | 1 | 100 | 2.0 | - | 2.0 | 0.200 | 0.025 | |
school facility type | government | 71 | 36.6 | 0.87 ± 1.58 | 2.50 ± 1.82 | 2.38 ± 1.79 | 69 | 39.1 | 1.26 ± 2.50 | 3.61 ± 3.23 | 3.22 ± 3.12 | 0.759 | 0.611 |
private | 85 | 43.5 | 1.02 ± 1.58 | 2.79 ± 1.64 | 2.35 ± 1.62 | 88 | 38.6 | 1.19 ± 2.08 | 3.45 ± 2.32 | 3.09 ± 2.31 | 0.513 | 0.828 | |
oral hygiene | poor | 62 | 38.7 | 0.94 ± 1.63 | 2.62 ± 1.86 | 2.42 ± 1.82 | 93 | 44.1 | 1.47 ± 2.53 | 4.10 ± 2.95 | 3.34 ± 2.89 | 0.506 | 0.309 |
good | 85 | 43.5 | 0.96 ± 1.46 | 2.61 ± 1.47 | 2.22 ± 1.46 | 64 | 31.3 | 0.86 ± 1.76 | 2.62 ± 2.22 | 2.75 ± 2.20 | 0.127 | 0.208 | |
very good | 7 | 14.3 | 0.29 ± 0.76 | 1.0 ± 1.41 | 2.0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
diet | high-sugary | 53 | 30.2 | 0.85 ± 1.70 | 2.50 ± 2.12 | 2.81 ± 2.04 | 31 | 38.7 | 1.68 ± 3.18 | 5.00 ± 3.92 | 4.33 ± 3.87 | 0.424 | 0.333 |
low-sugary | 103 | 45.6 | 1.01 ± 1.51 | 2.68 ± 1.57 | 2.21 ± 1.53 | 126 | 38.9 | 1.11 ± 1.98 | 3.17 ± 2.29 | 2.86 ± 2.25 | 0.304 | 0.603 |
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Peters, A.; Brandt, K.; Wienke, A.; Schaller, H.-G. Regional Disparities in Caries Experience and Associating Factors of Ghanaian Children Aged 3 to 13 Years in Urban Accra and Rural Kpando. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095771
Peters A, Brandt K, Wienke A, Schaller H-G. Regional Disparities in Caries Experience and Associating Factors of Ghanaian Children Aged 3 to 13 Years in Urban Accra and Rural Kpando. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095771
Chicago/Turabian StylePeters, Anna, Karolin Brandt, Andreas Wienke, and Hans-Günter Schaller. 2022. "Regional Disparities in Caries Experience and Associating Factors of Ghanaian Children Aged 3 to 13 Years in Urban Accra and Rural Kpando" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095771