Risk Perception of COVID-19 as a Cause of Minority Ethnic Community Tourism Practitioners’ Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies: A Case Study in Gansu Based on Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Risk Perception of COVID-19 and Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies
2.2. Mediation Effect of Risk Attitude
2.3. Moderation Effect of Livelihood Capacity
2.4. Moderated Mediating Effect of Livelihood Capacity
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Collection and Research Objects
3.2. Basic Sample Description
4. Analysis and Results
4.1. Reliability and Validity Test
4.2. Reliability and Validity Test
4.3. Hypothesis Test
4.3.1. Test of Main Effect
4.3.2. Mediation Effect Test
4.3.3. Moderation Effect Test
4.3.4. Moderated Mediation Effect Testing
5. Conclusions and Discussion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Discussion
5.2.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2.2. Management Implications
5.2.3. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Measurement Index | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | M | 196 | 46.3 |
F | 227 | 53.7 | |
Age | Under 18 | 5 | 1.2 |
18–25 | 21 | 5 | |
26–35 | 76 | 18 | |
36–45 | 121 | 28.6 | |
46–55 | 126 | 29.8 | |
Over 56 | 74 | 17.5 | |
Highest level of education | Junior high school and below | 207 | 48.9 |
Senior secondary/technical secondary and below | 133 | 31.4 | |
Junior college | 52 | 12.3 | |
College or above | 31 | 7.3 | |
Nation | Han nationality | 96 | 22.7 |
Tibetans | 202 | 47.8 | |
Hui nationality | 97 | 22.9 | |
Bai nationality | 21 | 5 | |
Others | 7 | 1.7 | |
Monthly discretionary income | Under 2000 RMB | 58 | 13.7 |
2001–5000 RMB | 131 | 31 | |
5001–8000 RMB | 152 | 35.9 | |
Over 8000 RMB | 82 | 19.4 | |
Case | Labrang Town | 101 | 23.9 |
Sangke Town | 64 | 15.1 | |
Langmusi Town | 135 | 31.9 | |
Gaxiu Village | 30 | 7.1 | |
Bafang 13 xiang | 93 | 22 |
Dimension | Items | Std. Estimate | z (CR) | Cronbach’s α | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk perception of COVID-19 | Y1 | 0.688 | 0.71 | 0.765 | 0.523 |
Y2 | 0.675 | ||||
Y3 | 0.731 | ||||
Y4 | 0.786 | ||||
Y5 | 0.767 | ||||
Y6 | 0.685 | ||||
Risk attitude | F1 | 0.895 | 0.878 | 0.895 | 0.706 |
F2 | 0.882 | ||||
F3 | 0.727 | ||||
F4 | 0.845 | ||||
Livelihood capacity | S1 | 0.736 | 0.751 | 0.788 | 0.574 |
S2 | 0.765 | ||||
S3 | 0.749 | ||||
S4 | 0.803 | ||||
S5 | 0.733 | ||||
Willingness to change livelihood strategies | J1 | 0.705 | 0.869 | 0.873 | 0.626 |
J2 | 0.771 | ||||
J3 | 0.848 | ||||
J4 | 0.832 |
Average Value | SD | Gender | Age | Education | Risk Perception of COVID-19 | Risk Attitude | Livelihood Capacity | Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1.535 | 0.499 | |||||||
Age | 2.561 | 1.11 | 0.033 | ||||||
Education | 2.915 | 0.881 | −0.03 | 0.238 ** | |||||
Risk perception of COVID−19 | 3.616 | 0.729 | 0.009 | −0.153 ** | 0.130 * | 0.723 | |||
Risk attitude | 3.354 | 1.093 | −0.02 | −0.074 | 0.064 | 0.695 ** | 0.84 | ||
Livelihood capacity | 2.433 | 0.772 | −0.008 | 0.185 ** | −0.112 * | −0.673 ** | −0.450 ** | 0.758 | |
Willingness to change livelihood strategies | 3.367 | 1.041 | −0.05 | −0.065 | 0.134 * | 0.697** | 0.824 ** | −0.387 ** | 0.791 |
X→Y | Non-Standardized Path | SE | z (CR) | p | Standardized Path |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk perception of COVID-19→Risk attitude | 1.041 | 0.058 | 17.856 | 0 | 0.695 |
Risk perception of COVID-19→Willingness to change livelihood strategies | 0.344 | 0.058 | 5.942 | 0 | 0.241 |
Risk attitude→Willingness to change livelihood strategies | 0.626 | 0.039 | 16.21 | 0 | 0.657 |
Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies | Risk Attitude | Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies | |
---|---|---|---|
Constant | −0.232 (−1.132) | −0.412 (−1.909) | 0.026 (0.166) |
risk perception of COVID-19 | 0.995 ** (17.927) | 1.041 ** (17.806) | 0.344 ** (5.914) |
risk attitude | 0.626 ** (16.134) | ||
R 2 | 0.486 | 0.483 | 0.709 |
Adjust R 2 | 0.484 | 0.481 | 0.708 |
F | F (1340) = 321.390, p = 0.000 | F (1340) = 317.044, p = 0.000 | F (2339) = 413.406, p = 0.000 |
Path | c | a | b | a×b | a×b (Boot SE) | a×b (z) | a×b (p) | a×b (95% BootCI) | c’ | Test Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
risk perception of COVID-19→risk attitude→willingness to change livelihood strategies | 0.995 ** | 1.041 ** | 0.626 ** | 0.651 | 0.055 | 11.772 | 0 | 0.354~0.569 | 0.344 ** | Partial mediation |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p | β | B | SE | t | p | β | B | SE | t | p | β | |
Constant | 3.354 | 0.043 | 78.786 | 0.000 ** | - | 30.354 | 0.043 | 78.716 | 0.000 ** | - | 3.226 | 0.047 | 68.685 | 0.000 ** | - |
Risk perception of COVID-19 | 1.041 | 0.058 | 17.806 | 0.000 ** | 0.695 | 1.075 | 0.079 | 13.575 | 0.000 ** | 0.717 | 1.209 | 0.08 | 15.165 | 0.000 ** | 0.806 |
Livelihood capacity | 0.047 | 0.075 | 0.628 | 0.53 | 0.033 | −0.063 | 0.074 | −0.852 | 0.395 | −0.045 | |||||
Risk perception of COVID-19 * Livelihood capacity | −0.339 | 0.061 | −5.528 | 0.000 ** | −0.257 | ||||||||||
R 2 | 0.483 | 0.483 | 0.526 | ||||||||||||
Adjust R 2 | 0.481 | 0.48 | 0.522 | ||||||||||||
F | F (1340) = 317.044, p = 0.000 | F (2339) = 158.437, p = 0.000 | F (3338) = 125.024, p = 0.000 | ||||||||||||
△R 2 | 0.483 | 0.001 | 0.043 | ||||||||||||
△F | F (1340) = 317.044, p = 0.000 | F (1339) = 0.395, p = 0.530 | F (1338) = 30.564, p = 0.000 |
Mediation Variable | Level | Level Value | Effect | BootSE | BootLLCI | BootULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk attitude | Low level (−1SD) | 1.661 | 0.92 | 0.123 | 0.694 | 1.177 |
Average level | 2.433 | 0.756 | 0.105 | 0.569 | 0.976 | |
High level (1SD) | 3.204 | 0.593 | 0.094 | 0.43 | 0.794 |
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Liang, W.; Li, Z.; Bao, Y.; Xia, B. Risk Perception of COVID-19 as a Cause of Minority Ethnic Community Tourism Practitioners’ Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies: A Case Study in Gansu Based on Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010292
Liang W, Li Z, Bao Y, Xia B. Risk Perception of COVID-19 as a Cause of Minority Ethnic Community Tourism Practitioners’ Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies: A Case Study in Gansu Based on Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010292
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Wangbing, Zhao Li, Yinggang Bao, and Bing Xia. 2023. "Risk Perception of COVID-19 as a Cause of Minority Ethnic Community Tourism Practitioners’ Willingness to Change Livelihood Strategies: A Case Study in Gansu Based on Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010292