A Multicenter Study about the Population Treated in the Respiratory Triage Stations Deployed by the Red Cross during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Triage Station Protocol
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fever | n | % | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
No: <37.8 °C | 17,504 | 88.5% | [88.0–88.9] |
Yes: ≥37.8 °C | 2274 | 11.5% | [11.0–11.9] |
Total | 19,778 | 100% | |
O2 saturation | n | % | 95% CI |
O2 saturation ≤ 90% | 2307 | 10.9% | [10.5–11.3] |
O2 saturation > 90% | 18,813 | 89.1% | [88.6–89.5] |
Total | 21,120 | 100% | |
BMI category | n | % | 95% CI |
Underweight < 18.5 | 2028 | 12.2% | [11.7–12.7] |
Normal weight [18.5–24.9] | 5756 | 34.6% | [33.9–35.3] |
Overweight [25–29.9] | 5662 | 34.1% | [33.3–34.8] |
Obesity ≥ 30 | 3164 | 19.0% | [18.4–19.6] |
Total | 16,610 | 100% | |
Parameter | Mean, standard deviation and range | ||
Systolic blood pressure | 117.7 mmHg (SD = 16.3) [60–230 mmHg] | ||
Diastolic blood pressure | 73.7 mmHg (SD = 10.5) [40–130 mmHg] | ||
Heart rate | 89.3 bpm (SD = 18.1) [35–125 bpm] | ||
Respiratory frequency | 20.8 brpm (SD = 6.6) [10–110 brpm] | ||
Guidance talks offered | n | % | 95% CI |
Yes | 20,362 | 96.4% | [96.1–96.6] |
No | 758 | 3.59% | [3.3–3.8] |
Patient’s ICD-10 diagnosis: | n | % | 95% CI |
U072 COVID-19, virus not identified | 6332 | 30.0 | [29.30–30.6] |
J00X Acute rhinopharyngitis (common cold) | 4301 | 20.4 | [19.8–20.9] |
U071 COVID-19, virus identified: CONFIRMED case with a POSITIVE test result. | 2840 | 13.4 | [13.0–13.9] |
J029 Acute pharyngitis, unspecified | 2214 | 10.5 | [10.0–10.9] |
J039 Acute tonsillitis, unspecified | 1627 | 7.7 | [7.3–8.0] |
Other ICD-10 diagnoses not related to the airways | 1601 | 7.6 | [7.2–7.9] |
Other ICD-10 diagnoses related to the airways | 1055 | 5.0 | [4.7–5.3] |
J02 Acute pharyngitis | 501 | 2.4 | [2.2–2.6] |
J069 Acute infection of the upper airways, unspecified | 226 | 1.1 | [0.9–1.2] |
J030 Streptococcus tonsillitis | 222 | 1.1 | [0.9–1.2] |
J03 Acute tonsillitis | 201 | 1.0 | [0.8–1.1] |
Total | 21,120 | 100 | |
U071 Covid-19 Severity Level | n | % | 95% CI |
Management for mild COVID-19 | 2078 | 74.7% | [73.1–76.3] |
Management for moderate COVID-19 | 591 | 21.2% | [19.8–22.8] |
Management for severe COVID-19 | 80 | 2.8% | [2.3–3.5] |
Management for critical COVID-19 | 30 | 1.0% | [0.7–1.5] |
Total | 2779 | 100% | |
U072 Covid-19 Severity Level | n | % | 95% CI |
Management for mild COVID-19 | 5377 | 84.9% | [84.0–85.7] |
Management for moderate COVID-19 | 803 | 12.6% | [11.8–13.5] |
Management for severe COVID-19 | 138 | 2.1% | [1.8–2.5] |
Management for critical COVID-19 | 14 | 0.2% | [0.1–0.3] |
Total | 6332 | 100% |
COVID-19 Diagnosis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U071 | U072 | Others | Chi-Square | ||
N = 2840 | N = 6332 | N = 11,948 | (p-Value) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Province | <0.001 | ||||
Azuay | 84 (14.1) | 181 (30.4) | 330 (55.5) | ||
El Oro | 61 (3.2) | 784 (40.6) | 1084 (56.2) | ||
Guayas | 1231 (27.2) | 794 (17.5) | 2502 (55.3) | ||
Los Ríos | 204 (13.9) | 500 (34.1) | 761 (51.9) | ||
Manabí | 198 (8.8) | 572 (25.4) | 1484 (65.8) | ||
Pichincha | 333 (9.1) | 1691 (46.1) | 1643 (44.8) | ||
Santo Domingo | 570 (17.9) | 1080 (33.9) | 1539 (48.3) | ||
Tungurahua | 159 (4.6) | 730 (20.9) | 0.2605 (74.6) | ||
Gender | 21.475 (<0.001) | ||||
Male | 1332 (14.6) | 2742 (30.1) | 5033 (55.3) | ||
Female | 1508 (12.6) | 3590 (29.9) | 6915 (57.6) | ||
Age | 1061.753 (<0.001) | ||||
≤35 years old | 1014 (9.3) | 2959 (27.3) | 6681 (63.4) | ||
35–65 years old | 1502 (18.2) | 2890 (35.1) | 3850 (46.7) | ||
≥65 years old | 324 (22.1) | 459 (31.3) | 683 (46.6) | ||
BMI | 1264.138 (<0.001) | ||||
Underweight | 54 (2.7) | 171 (8.4) | 1803 (88.9) | ||
Normal | 784 (13.6) | 1660 (28.8) | 3312 (57.7) | ||
Overweight | 917 (16.2) | 1691 (29.9) | 3054 (53.9) | ||
Obese | 612 (19.3) | 975 (30.8) | 1577 (49.8) | ||
Guidance talk | 184.265 (<0.001) | ||||
No | 36 (4.7) | 112 (14.8) | 610 (80.5) | ||
Yes | 2804 (13.8) | 6220 (30.5) | 11,338 (55.7) |
COVID-19 Severity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Critical | Severe | Moderate | Mild | Chi-Square | ||
N = 44 | N = 217 | N = 1393 | N = 7452 | (p-Value) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Province | 517.4 (<0.001) | |||||
Azuay | 2 (0.8) | 38 (14.3) | 37 (14.0) | 188 (70.9) | ||
El Oro | 3 (0.4) | 19 (2.3) | 183 (21.7) | 637 (75.7) | ||
Guayas | 17 (0.8) | 18 (0.9) | 507 (25.1) | 1477 (73.2) | ||
Los Ríos | 1 (0.1) | 23 (3.3) | 119 (17.1) | 552 (79.4) | ||
Manabí | 0 (0) | 2 (0.3) | 71 (9.2) | 695 (90.5) | ||
Pichincha | 9 (0.4) | 72 (3.6) | 181 (9.0) | 1755 (87.0) | ||
Santo Domingo | 11 (0.7) | 34 (2.1) | 203 (12.4) | 1386 (84.8) | ||
Tungurahua | 1 (0.1) | 11 (1.3) | 92 (10.6) | 762 (88.0) | ||
Gender | 14.7 (0.002) | |||||
Male (n = 4046) | 25 (0.6) | 114 (2.8) | 657 (16.2) | 3250 (80.3) | ||
Female (n = 5056) | 19 (0.4) | 217 (2.4) | 736 (14.5) | 4202 (83.0) | ||
Age | 533.5 (<0.001) | |||||
≤35 years old (n = 4354) | 6 (0.2) | 29 (0.7) | 361 (9.1) | 3557 (90.0) | ||
35–65 years old (n = 3953) | 21 (0.5) | 119 (2.7) | 812 (18.6) | 3402 (78.1) | ||
≥65 years old (n = 775) | 17 (2.2) | 69 (8.9) | 217 (28.0) | 472 (60.9) | ||
BMI | 96.3 (<0.001) | |||||
Underweight (n = 224) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 26 (11.6) | 197 (87.9) | ||
Normal (n = 2433) | 12 (0.5) | 34 (1.4) | 316 (13.0) | 2071 (85.1) | ||
Overweight (n = 2574) | 16 (0.6) | 49 (1.9) | 461 (17.9) | 2048 (79.6) | ||
Obese (n = 1568) | 6 (0.4) | 34 (2.2) | 375 (23.9) | 1156 (73.5) |
Severity | Independent Variables | B (SD) | Wald Test | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Critical (40; 0.5%) | Fever | No | −0.473 (0.399) | 1.40 | 0.62 (0.28–1.36) | 0.236 |
BMI | Underweight | −18.873 (0.0) | 6.36−9 (6.36 × 10−9–6.36× 10−9) | <0.001 | ||
Normal | 0.286 (0.403) | 0.50 | 1.33 (0.60–2.93) | 0.478 | ||
Obese | −0.578 (0.495) | 1.36 | 0.56 (0.21–1.48) | 0.243 | ||
Age | ≤35 | −0.630 (0.549) | 1.32 | 0.53 (0.18–1.56) | 0.251 | |
(36, 65) | −0.549 (0.364) | 2.27 | 0.58 (0.18–1.56) | 0.131 | ||
O2 saturation | ≤90 | 2.933 (0.406) | 52.12 | 18.79 (8.47–41.67) | <0.001 | |
Severe (171; 2.2%) | Fever | No | −1.068 (0.198) | 29.21 | 0.34 (0.23–0.51) | <0.001 |
BMI | Underweight | −1.198 (1.088) | 1.83 | 1.38 (0.86–2.21) | 0.271 | |
Normal | 0.162 (0.256) | 0.40 | 1.18 (0.71–1.94) | 0.526 | ||
Obese | 0 (0.254) | 0.0 | 1.00 (0.60–1.64) | 0.999 | ||
Age | ≤35 | −0.462 (0.284) | 2.63 | 0.63 (0.36–1.10) | 0.105 | |
(36, 65) | −0.383 (0.207) | 3.42 | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | 0.064 | ||
O2 saturation | ≤90 | 2.796 (0.214) | 170.09 | 16.37 (10.76–24.92) | <0.001 | |
Mild (6276; 80.6%) | Fever | No | 0.434 (0.087) | 25.08 | 1.54 (1.30–1.83) | <0.001 |
BMI | Underweight | 0.212 (0.228) | 0.87 | 1.24 (0.79–1.93) | 0.352 | |
Normal | 0.247 (0.082) | 8.98 | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) | 0.003 | ||
Obese | −0.379 (0.082) | 21.52 | 0.68 (0.58–0.803) | <0.001 | ||
Age | ≤35 | 1.260 (0.106) | 140.77 | 3.526 (2.86–4.34) | <0.001 | |
(36, 65) | 0.605 (0.098) | 38.13 | 1.83 (1.51–2.22) | <0.001 | ||
O2 saturation | ≤90 | −1.492 (0.107) | 195.99 | 0.22 (0.18–0.28) | <0.001 |
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Ponce-Blandón, J.A.; Romero-Castillo, R.; Rodríguez-Leal, L.; González-Hervías, R.; Velarde-García, J.F.; Álvarez-Embarba, B. A Multicenter Study about the Population Treated in the Respiratory Triage Stations Deployed by the Red Cross during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010313
Ponce-Blandón JA, Romero-Castillo R, Rodríguez-Leal L, González-Hervías R, Velarde-García JF, Álvarez-Embarba B. A Multicenter Study about the Population Treated in the Respiratory Triage Stations Deployed by the Red Cross during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010313
Chicago/Turabian StylePonce-Blandón, José Antonio, Rocío Romero-Castillo, Leyre Rodríguez-Leal, Raquel González-Hervías, Juan Francisco Velarde-García, and Beatriz Álvarez-Embarba. 2023. "A Multicenter Study about the Population Treated in the Respiratory Triage Stations Deployed by the Red Cross during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010313