Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Coupling and Coordination of Cultural Tourism and Objective Well-Being in Western China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data Resources
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Building an Indicator System and Data Sources
3. Methods
3.1. Entropy Weight Method
- (1)
- Standardized processing of indicators:
- (2)
- Determine the metric weight:
- (3)
- Calculate the entropy value of j:
- (4)
- Calculate the information utility value of item j:
- (5)
- Calculate the weight of each indicator (Figure 1):
3.2. Coupling Coordination Models
3.3. Spatial Variability Analysis
3.3.1. Thiel Index
3.3.2. Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation
4. Results
4.1. Comprehensive Evaluation of Time Series Change Analysis
4.2. Coupled Coordinated Timing Change Analysis
4.3. Spatial Differentiation Feature Changes of Coupling Coordinates
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Index | Second Index | Evaluation Factor | Factor | Unit | P/N * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT system | Supply capacity | Number of 5A tourist attractions | X11 | Number | + |
Number of star tourist hotels | X12 | Number | + | ||
Number of travel agencies | X13 | Number | + | ||
Number of artistic performance groups | X14 | Number | + | ||
Number of museums | X15 | Number | + | ||
Number of cultural centers | X16 | Number | + | ||
Demand capability | Per capita tourism consumption of domestic tourists | X21 | USD/person | + | |
Per capita tourism consumption of inbound tourists | X22 | USD/person | + | ||
Total library circulation | X23 | 10,000 person-times | + | ||
Total visitors to museums | X24 | 10,000 person-times | + | ||
Domestic art performance attendance | X25 | 10,000 person-times | + | ||
Cultural market institutions operating income | X26 | USD | + | ||
OWB system | Comprehensive consumption ability | Per capita disposable income | X31 | USD/person | + |
Health service capability | Healthcare personnel per thousand population | X32 | Number of persons | + | |
Medical institution beds per thousand population | X33 | Number of medical beds | + | ||
Environmental service ability | Per capita public green space area | X34 | m2 | + | |
Safety assurance ability | Public security expenditure | X35 | Billion USD | + | |
Traffic accident death and injury rates | X36 | Rate | − |
Zone | 5A Tourist Attractions | Star Tourist Hotels | Number of Travel Agencies | Number of Artistic Performance Groups | Museums | Cultural Centers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 6 | 205 | 1202 | 204 | 172 | 117 |
6.19% | 6.25% | 13.08% | 5.05% | 10.54% | 9.61% | |
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 6 | 444 | 881 | 78 | 142 | 116 |
6.19% | 13.53% | 9.59% | 1.93% | 8.70% | 9.52% | |
Chongqing | 10 | 163 | 714 | 1265 | 105 | 43 |
10.31% | 4.97% | 7.77% | 31.29% | 6.43% | 3.53% | |
Sichuan Province | 15 | 356 | 1336 | 725 | 258 | 207 |
15.46% | 10.85% | 14.54% | 17.93% | 15.81% | 17.00% | |
Guizhou Province | 8 | 231 | 665 | 200 | 92 | 100 |
8.25% | 7.04% | 7.24% | 4.95% | 5.64% | 8.21% | |
Yunnan Province | 9 | 415 | 1105 | 270 | 161 | 149 |
9.28% | 12.65% | 12.02% | 6.68% | 9.87% | 12.23% | |
Tibet Autonomous Region | 5 | 165 | 310 | 87 | 8 | 81 |
5.15% | 5.03% | 3.37% | 2.15% | 0.49% | 6.65% | |
Shaanxi Province | 11 | 325 | 862 | 591 | 309 | 117 |
11.34% | 9.91% | 9.38% | 14.62% | 18.93% | 9.61% | |
Gansu province | 5 | 384 | 780 | 347 | 226 | 104 |
5.15% | 11.70% | 8.49% | 8.58% | 13.85% | 8.54% | |
Qinghai Province | 4 | 207 | 515 | 122 | 24 | 50 |
4.12% | 6.31% | 5.60% | 3.02% | 1.47% | 4.11% | |
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | 4 | 89 | 164 | 30 | 54 | 27 |
4.12% | 2.71% | 1.78% | 0.74% | 3.31% | 2.22% | |
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region | 14 | 297 | 657 | 124 | 81 | 107 |
14.43% | 9.05% | 7.15% | 3.07% | 4.96% | 8.78% | |
Western China | 97 | 3282 | 9192 | 4044 | 1633 | 1219 |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Stage of Development | Rank of Harmony Degree | Concrete Types | |
---|---|---|---|
Coordinated development [0.6, 1] | Better coordination [0.9, 1] Well coordinated [0.8, 0.9) Intermediate coordination [0.7, 0.8) Lower coordination [0.6, 0.7) | Lagging CT system Lagging OWB system Synchronized CT and OWB systems | U2-U1 ≥ 0.1 U1-U2 ≥ 0.1 U1 < 0.1 and U2 < 0.1 |
Transitional development [0.4, 0.6) | Barely coordinated [0.5, 0.6) On the verge of imbalance [0.4, 0.5) | Lagging CT system Lagging OWB system Synchronized CT and OWB systems | U2-U1 ≥ 0.1 U1-U2 ≥ 0.1 U1 < 0.1 and U2 < 0.1 |
Dysfunctional development [0.0, 0.4) | Mild disorder [0.3, 0.4) Moderate outrage [0.2, 0.3) Severe dysregulation [0.1, 0.2) Extreme dysregulation [0, 0.1) | Lagging CT system Lagging OWB system Synchronized CT and OWB systems | U2-U1 ≥ 0.1 U1-U2 ≥ 0.1 U1 < 0.1 and U2 < 0.1 |
2007–2020 | CT System | OWB System | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Increase in Magnitude | Average Annual Growth Rate | Increase in Magnitude | Average Annual Growth Rate | |
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 107.73% | 5.78% | 289.10% | 11.02% |
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 53.95% | 3.37% | 464.02% | 14.23% |
Chongqing | 262.89% | 10.42% | 667.18% | 16.97% |
Sichuan Province | 108.07% | 5.80% | 466.64% | 14.27% |
Guizhou Province | 202.17% | 8.88% | 1751.25% | 25.17% |
Yunnan Province | 66.07% | 3.98% | 524.46% | 15.13% |
Tibet Autonomous Region | 251.45% | 10.15% | 721.13% | 17.58% |
Shaanxi Province | 131.82% | 6.68% | 383.46% | 12.89% |
Gansu province | 134.25% | 6.77% | 603.99% | 16.20% |
Qinghai Province | 215.56% | 9.24% | 359.38% | 12.44% |
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | 132.54% | 6.71% | 293.29% | 11.11% |
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region | 30.99% | 2.10% | 269.89% | 10.59% |
Stage of Development | Year | C | D | Specific Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dysfunctional development | 2007 | 0.9940 | 0.2611 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in moderate imbalance |
2008 | 0.9865 | 0.3338 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in mild disorder | |
Transitional development | 2009 | 0.9978 | 0.4292 | CT and OWB systems synchronized on the verge of imbalance |
2010 | 0.9710 | 0.4703 | Lagging CT system on the verge of imbalance | |
2011 | 0.9786 | 0.5249 | Lagging CT system, barely coordinated | |
Coordinated development | 2012 | 0.9926 | 0.6058 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in low coordination |
2013 | 0.9997 | 0.6964 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in low coordination | |
2014 | 0.9974 | 0.7199 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in intermediate coordination | |
2015 | 0.9991 | 0.7670 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in intermediate coordination | |
2016 | 0.9995 | 0.8141 | CT and OWB systems synchronized and well coordinated | |
2017 | 1.0000 | 0.8746 | CT and OWB systems synchronized and well coordinated | |
2018 | 0.9997 | 0.8966 | CT and OWB systems synchronized and well coordinated | |
2019 | 1.0000 | 0.9260 | CT and OWB systems synchronized in better coordination | |
2020 | 0.9827 | 0.8515 | Lagging CT system, well coordinated |
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Pu, L.; Chen, X.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, H. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Coupling and Coordination of Cultural Tourism and Objective Well-Being in Western China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010650
Pu L, Chen X, Jiang L, Zhang H. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Coupling and Coordination of Cultural Tourism and Objective Well-Being in Western China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010650
Chicago/Turabian StylePu, Lili, Xingpeng Chen, Li Jiang, and Hang Zhang. 2023. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Coupling and Coordination of Cultural Tourism and Objective Well-Being in Western China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010650