Comprehensive Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia Improves Mastication Capability in Children with Early Childhood Caries—A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Experimental Design and Data Collection
2.4. Study Evaluation Criteria
2.4.1. General Health-Related Criteria
2.4.2. Oral Health Criteria
2.4.3. Oral Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4.4. Orofacial Dysfunction Frequency
2.4.5. Feeding Habits at Home
2.4.6. Masticatory Behavior
Food Refusals during Mastication Tests
Kinematic Parameters
- -
- Chewing time (Ti, seconds): time between the moment the food was placed into the mouth until the last food bolus manipulation, just before complete swallowing;
- -
- Number of masticatory cycles (Nc): number of chewing strokes during the chewing time period, with or without lip closure, corresponding to biting movements (tongue and perioral muscle manipulation movements were not counted);
- -
- Chewing frequency (Fq = Nc/Ti): calculated ratio between the number of masticatory cycles and chewing time.
Impairment of Muscular Function
2.4.7. Mastication Capability
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. Evolution between Evaluation Times for Each Group of Children
2.5.2. Comparison between Both Groups of Children at the Different Evaluation Times
2.5.3. Impact of Posterior Teeth Extractions in Children with ECC
3. Results
3.1. General Health-Related Characteristics
3.1.1. Age, Weight and Height
3.1.2. Body Mass Index
3.2. Oral Health Criteria
3.3. Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (ECOHIS)
3.4. Orofacial Dysfunction (NOT-S)
3.5. Feeding Habits at Home
3.6. Masticatory Behavior
3.6.1. Food Refusals during the Mastication Tests
3.6.2. Kinematic Parameters
3.6.3. Impairment of Muscular Function
3.7. Masticatory Capability
3.8. Impact of Posterior Teeth Extractions on Chewing Frequency and D50 Values
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Group with ECC | Group with HOS | Statistical Differences between Groups of Children | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(16 Children) | (12 Children) | ||||
Evaluation Times | Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Evaluation Times | Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Student’s t-Test | |
Age (months) | T0 | 58.6 ± 8.3 (47–71) | T0 | 58.4 ± 8.3 (47–71) | NS |
T1 | 69.3 ± 9.3 (53–82) | ||||
T2 | 74.6 ± 9.0 (60–86) | ||||
T3 | 80.9 ± 9.5 (66–94) | T3 | 81.7 ± 16.0 (60–115) | NS | |
Weight (kg) | T0 | 17.3 ± 2.2 (13.3–23.3) | T0 | 19.1 ± 2.4 (15–22.5) | NS |
T1 | 20.0 ± 3.2 (13.5–25.2) | ||||
T2 | 21.7 ± 4.2 (14.5–31.4) | ||||
T3 | 23.5 ± 4.9 (15–31) | T3 | 24.0 ± 6.3 (15–35) | NS | |
Height (cm) | T0 | 106.0 ± 5.6 (96.7–116) | T0 | 110 ± 5.4 (104–120) | |
T1 | 112.1 ± 6.7 (102–122) | ||||
T2 | 115.9 ± 6.0 (104.5–125.5) | ||||
T3 | 118.0 ± 6.5 (106–129) | T3 | 121.6 ± 10.6 (104–138) | NS |
Criteria | Group with ECC | Group with HOS | Differences between Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(16 Children) | (12 Children) | ||||
Evaluation Time | Mean ± SD | Evaluation Time | Mean ± SD | Student’s t-Test | |
(Min–Max) | (Min–Max) | ||||
dmft total score | T0 | 12.3 ± 4.6 (3–19) | T0 | 0 | p ≤ 0.001 |
- decayed | 11.7 ± 4.4 (3–19) | ||||
- missing | 0.2 ± 0.5 (0–2) | ||||
- filled | 0.4 ± 1.2 (0–4) | ||||
PUFA total score | T0 | 7.6 ± 4.4 (1–16) | T0 | 0 | p ≤ 0.001 |
- Visible pulp (p) | 6.6 ± 4.1 (1–15) | ||||
- Ulceration (u) | 0 | ||||
- Fistula (f) | 0.3 ± 0.4 (0–1) | ||||
- Abscess (a) | 0 | ||||
Treatment performed during GA: | |||||
Tooth extractions | 3.5 ± 2.71 (0–8) | 0 | p ≤ 0.001 | ||
- Incisor or canine | 2.19 ± 2.10 (0–6) | ||||
- Molar | 1.31 ± 1.35 (0–4) | ||||
Conservative treatment | 8.19 ± 2.66 (4–13) | 0 | p ≤ 0.001 | ||
- Coronal restauration | 2.63 ± 2.0 (0–6) | ||||
- Stainless-steel crown | 0.06 ± 0.25 (0–1) | ||||
- Pulpotomy and coronal restauration | 0.94 ± 1.48 (0–4) | ||||
- Pulpotomy and stainless-steel crown | 4.31 ± 1.82 (2–7) | ||||
- Pulpectomy and coronal restauration | 0.13 ± 0.34 (0–1) | ||||
- Pulpectomy and stainless-steel crown | 0.13 ± 0.34 (0–1) | ||||
Selective grinding of canine(s) | 1 ± 1.79 (0–4) | 0 | p ≤ 0.05 | ||
Number of 1st permanent molar | T0 | 0 | T0 | 0 | |
T1 | 1.31 ± 1.62 (0–4) | ||||
T2 | 2.06 ± 1.88 (0–4) | ||||
T3 | 2.94 ± 1.48 (0–4) | T3 | 1.83 ± 1.99 (0–4) | NS | |
Orofacial dysmorphologies: | n | n | Fisher’s exact test | ||
- Dento-maxillary disharmony | T0 | 0 | T0 | 0 | NS |
- Eruption or number of anomalies | 0 | 0 | NS | ||
- Sagittal dimension abnormality | 1 | 3 | NS | ||
- Transverse dimension abnormality | 3 | 0 | NS | ||
- Vertical dimension abnormality | 3 | 5 | NS |
Tested Food | Refusals Reasons | Group with ECC (16) | Group with HOS (12) | Differences between Groups of Children | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T0 | T3 | Fisher’s Exact Test | |||
n Children | n Children | T0 | T3 | ||||||
CAR | Don’t like | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | ||
Don’t know/Never tried | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Painful | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Too difficult to eat | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Total | 6 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | p ≤ 0.05 | NS | |
CHS | Don’t like | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||
Don’t know/Never tried | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Painful | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Too difficult to eat | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Total | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | NS | NS | |
CER | Don’t like | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Don’t know/Never tried | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Painful | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Too difficult to eat | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Total | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | p ≤ 0.05 NS |
Tested Food | Kinematic Parameters | Group with ECC | Group with HOS | Differences between Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study Time | Number of Children | Mean ± SD | Study Time | Number of Children | Mean ± SD | Student’s t-Test | ||
CAR | Ti (s) | T0 | 10 | 49.05 ± 35.68 | T0 | 11 | 33.0 ± 12.95 | NS |
T1 | 13 | 46.58 ± 31.12 | ||||||
T2 | 11 | 31.06 ± 12.93 | ||||||
T3 | 12 | 28.08 ± 11.12 * | T3 | 11 | 21.32 ± 5.04 $$$ | p ≤ 0.05 | ||
Nc (n) | T0 | 10 | 44.2 ± 20.17 | T0 | 11 | 44.5 ± 13.31 | NS | |
T1 | 13 | 53.77 ± 26.50 | ||||||
T2 | 11 | 43.55 ± 18.20 | ||||||
T3 | 12 | 38.38 ± 15.14 | T3 | 11 | 34.18 ± 7.30 $$ | NS | ||
Fq (n/s) | T0 | 10 | 1.05 ± 0.31 | T0 | 11 | 1.43 ± 0.30 | p ≤ 0.001 | |
T1 | 13 | 1.25 ± 0.28 | ||||||
T2 | 11 | 1.43 ± 0.33 *** | ||||||
T3 | 12 | 1.39 ± 0.22 *** | T3 | 11 | 1.64 ± 0.28 $ | p ≤ 0.01 | ||
CHS | Ti (s) | T0 | 11 | 21.36 ± 8.10 | T0 | 10 | 19.65 ± 6.48 | NS |
T1 | 13 | 22.27 ± 16.66 | ||||||
T2 | 12 | 15.36 ± 5.94 | ||||||
T3 | 13 | 14.08 ± 5.63 * | T3 | 11 | 16.41 ± 5.24 | NS | ||
Nc (n) | T0 | 11 | 23.09 ± 7.49 | T0 | 10 | 24.1 ± 6.21 | NS | |
T1 | 13 | 21.73 ± 9.91 | ||||||
T2 | 12 | 20.56 ± 8.55 | ||||||
T3 | 13 | 19.12 ± 6.94 | T3 | 11 | 23.5 ± 6.15 | p ≤ 0.05 | ||
Fq (n/s) | T0 | 11 | 1.13 ± 0.22 | T0 | 10 | 1.36 ± 0.26 | p ≤ 0.01 | |
T1 | 13 | 1.15 ± 0.39 | ||||||
T2 | 12 | 1.35 ± 0.26 * | ||||||
T3 | 13 | 1.39 ± 0.21 ** | T3 | 11 | 1.48 ± 0.30 | NS | ||
CER | Ti (s) | T0 | 13 | 28.04 ± 9.85 | T0 | 12 | 20.38 ± 5.56 | p ≤ 0.01 |
T1 | 15 | 29.9 ± 9.65 | ||||||
T2 | 14 | 23.57 ± 6.22 | ||||||
T3 | 15 | 20.43 ± 7.38 ** | T3 | 12 | 19.29 ± 6.80 | NS | ||
Nc (n) | T0 | 13 | 25.04 ± 6.27 | T0 | 12 | 26.25 ± 6.84 | NS | |
T1 | 15 | 28.33 ± 9.73 | ||||||
T2 | 14 | 28.36 ± 9.60 | ||||||
T3 | 15 | 25.87 ± 10.69 | T3 | 12 | 26.58 ± 6.61 | NS | ||
Fq (n/s) | T0 | 13 | 0.95 ± 0.25 | T0 | 12 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | p ≤ 0.001 | |
T1 | 15 | 0.99 ± 0.28 | ||||||
T2 | 14 | 1.20 ± 0.23 *** | ||||||
T3 | 15 | 1.27 ± 0.21 *** | T3 | 12 | 1.45 ± 0.30 | p ≤ 0.05 |
Parameter | Food | Evaluation Time | No Posterior Extractions | ≥1 Posterior Extraction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Children | Mean ± SD | Number of Children | Mean ± SD | |||
Chewing frequency (Fq) | CAR | T0 | 5 | 1.01 ± 0.34 | 5 | 1.10 ± 0.29 |
T3 | 6 | 1.36 ± 0.25 | 6 | 1.41 ± 0.20 | ||
CHS | T0 | 4 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 7 | 1.13 ± 0.26 | |
T3 | 4 | 1.42 ± 0.32 | 9 | 1.38 ± 0.14 | ||
CER | T0 | 5 | 0.99 ± 0.19 | 8 | 0.93 ± 0.28 | |
T3 | 5 | 1.18 ± 0.18 | 10 | 1.32 ± 0.22 | ||
D50 (mm) | CAR | T0 | 5 | 4.39 ± 0.85 | 5 | 4.49 ± 1.26 |
T3 | 6 | 2.75 ± 0.44 | 6 | 4.21 ± 0.77 *** | ||
CHS | T0 | 4 | 4.68 ± 1.33 | 7 | 4.98 ± 1.58 | |
T3 | 4 | 3.22 ± 0.56 | 9 | 4.48 ± 1.30 ** | ||
CER | T0 | 5 | 1.01 ± 0.18 | 8 | 1.25 ± 0.24 * | |
T3 | 5 | 1.12 ± 0.19 | 10 | 1.12 ± 0.26 |
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Linas, N.; Peyron, M.-A.; Cousson, P.-Y.; Decerle, N.; Hennequin, M.; Eschevins, C.; Nicolas, E.; Collado, V. Comprehensive Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia Improves Mastication Capability in Children with Early Childhood Caries—A One-Year Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010677
Linas N, Peyron M-A, Cousson P-Y, Decerle N, Hennequin M, Eschevins C, Nicolas E, Collado V. Comprehensive Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia Improves Mastication Capability in Children with Early Childhood Caries—A One-Year Follow-Up Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010677
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinas, Natacha, Marie-Agnès Peyron, Pierre-Yves Cousson, Nicolas Decerle, Martine Hennequin, Caroline Eschevins, Emmanuel Nicolas, and Valérie Collado. 2023. "Comprehensive Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia Improves Mastication Capability in Children with Early Childhood Caries—A One-Year Follow-Up Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010677