The Efficacy of Two Group Interventions on Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Trauma Symptoms in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Minoritized Young Adolescents in an Urban Middle School
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Mental Representations and Trauma
1.2. Attachment Security and Trauma
1.3. Gender Differences in Trauma, Mental Representations, and Attachment Security
1.4. Interventions for Traumatic Experiences and PTSD in Adolescents
1.5. Hypotheses
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS)
2.2.2. Object Relations Inventory (ORI)
2.3. Adolescent Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ)
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Affective Valence of Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Childhood Trauma Symptoms from T1 to T2
3.2. Gender Changes in Affective Valence of Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Childhood Trauma Symptoms from T1 to T2
3.3. Intervention Condition Changes in Affective Valence of Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Childhood Trauma Symptoms from T1 to T2
3.4. Differences between Conditions in Changes of Affective Valence of Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Childhood Trauma Symptoms from T1 to T2
3.5. Boys’ and Girls’ Differences between Conditions in Changes of Affective Valence of Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Childhood Trauma Symptoms from T1 to T2
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Recommendations for Future Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 | T2 | Significance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
ORI Variables | |||||
Mother | 1.95 | 2.90 | 1.54 | 1.60 | |
Father | 1.51 | 2.50 | 0.95 | 2.01 | T1 > T2 ** |
Self | 1.57 | 2.69 | 1.29 | 2.04 | |
Group Leader | 1.73 | 1.08 | 1.58 | 1.25 | |
Secure Attachment | 3.90 | 1.42 | 4.34 | 1.45 | T2 > T1 *** |
CPSS Variables | |||||
Total Trauma | 28.12 | 9.57 | 24.16 | 10.54 | T1 > T2 *** |
Re-Experiencing | 8.33 | 3.15 | 7.28 | 3.42 | T1 > T2 ** |
Avoidance | 11.06 | 4.33 | 9.41 | 4.86 | T1 > T2 *** |
Hyperarousal | 8.72 | 3.30 | 7.47 | 3.30 | T1 > T2 *** |
Boys a | Significance | Girls b | Significance | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | Boys | T1 | T2 | Girls | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
ORI Variables | ||||||||||
Mother | 2.61 | 3.21 | 1.79 | 1.44 | T1 > T2 * | 1.11 | 2.21 | 1.23 | 1.74 | |
Father | 2.21 | 2.65 | 1.37 | 1.92 | T1 > T2 * | 0.61 | 1.98 | 0.40 | 2.00 | |
Self | 2.11 | 3.00 | 1.58 | 1.87 | 0.88 | 2.08 | 0.91 | 2.20 | ||
Group Leader | 1.71 | 1.07 | 1.65 | 1.20 | 1.76 | 1.11 | 1.49 | 1.33 | ||
Secure Attachment | 3.66 | 1.51 | 4.21 | 1.59 | T2 > T1 *** | 4.20 | 1.25 | 4.52 | 1.25 | T2 > T1 ** |
CPSS Variables | ||||||||||
Total Trauma | 26.92 | 8.96 | 22.54 | 9.74 | T1 > T2 *** | 29.64 | 10.19 | 26.23 | 11.25 | T1 > T2 ** |
Re-Experiencing | 8.00 | 2.90 | 6.96 | 3.35 | T1 > T2 * | 8.76 | 3.43 | 7.69 | 3.51 | T1 > T2 * |
Avoidance | 10.55 | 3.69 | 8.87 | 4.31 | T1 > T2 ** | 11.71 | 5.00 | 10.09 | 5.44 | T1 > T2 * |
Hyperarousal | 8.37 | 3.33 | 6.70 | 2.90 | T1 > T2 *** | 9.17 | 3.19 | 8.54 | 3.54 |
MBT-G a | Significance | STSA-A b | Significance | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | MBT-G | T1 | T2 | STSA-A | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
ORI Variables | ||||||||||
Mother | 1.79 | 2.95 | 1.37 | 1.53 | 2.16 | 2.87 | 1.73 | 1.66 | ||
Father | 1.11 | 2.21 | 0.85 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 2.75 | 1.06 | 2.07 | T1 > T2 * | |
Self | 1.27 | 2.84 | 1.12 | 1.19 | 1.91 | 2.51 | 1.41 | 2.24 | ||
Group Leader | 1.83 | 1.06 | 1.32 | 1.23 | T1 > T2 ** | 1.62 | 1.12 | 1.88 | 1.23 | |
Secure Attachment | 3.78 | 1.47 | 4.20 | 1.44 | T2 > T1 ** | 4.03 | 1.36 | 4.50 | 1.46 | T2 > T1 *** |
CPSS Variables | ||||||||||
Total Trauma | 27.75 | 10.32 | 24.38 | 11.46 | T1 > T2 * | 28.52 | 8.74 | 23.92 | 9.49 | T1 > T2 *** |
Re-Experiencing | 8.41 | 3.42 | 7.36 | 3.83 | T1 > T2 * | 8.25 | 2.85 | 7.31 | 2.94 | T1 > T2 * |
Avoidance | 10.83 | 4.63 | 9.50 | 5.25 | T1 > T2 * | 11.31 | 4.00 | 9.30 | 4.41 | T1 > T2 ** |
Hyperarousal | 8.51 | 3.50 | 7.62 | 3.61 | T1 > T2 ** | 8.97 | 3.01 | 7.31 | 2.93 | T1 > T2 *** |
MBT-G a | STSA-A b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |
ORI Variables | ||||
Mother | −0.40 | 2.80 | −0.42 | 2.55 |
Father | −0.26 | 2.08 | −0.90 | 2.59 |
Self | −0.09 | 2.94 | −0.50 | 2.93 |
Group Leader * | −0.51 | 1.37 | 0.26 | 1.27 |
Secure Attachment | 0.42 | 1.02 | 0.47 | 0.81 |
CPSS Variables | ||||
Total Trauma | −3.38 | 7.95 | −4.61 | 8.83 |
Re-Experiencing | −1.15 | 3.80 | −0.94 | 2.94 |
Avoidance | −1.33 | 3.85 | −2.01 | 4.38 |
Hyperarousal | −0.89 | 3.21 | −1.66 | 3.13 |
MBT-G a | STSA-A b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |
ORI Variables | ||||
Mother | −0.93 | 2.97 | −0.71 | 2.54 |
Father | −0.56 | 1.93 | −1.14 | 3.15 |
Self | −0.41 | 3.28 | −0.66 | 3.21 |
Group Leader † | −0.36 | 1.01 | 0.27 | 1.49 |
Secure Attachment | 0.47 | 1.09 | 0.63 | 0.92 |
CPSS Variables | ||||
Total Trauma | −3.53 | 9.31 | −5.32 | 7.93 |
Re-Experiencing | −1.02 | 3.66 | −1.05 | 2.75 |
Avoidance | −1.20 | 4.20 | −2.20 | 3.68 |
Hyperarousal | −1.31 | 3.47 | −2.06 | 2.98 |
MBT-G a | STSA-A b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |
ORI Variables | ||||
Mother | 0.25 | 2.48 | −0.04 | 2.58 |
Father | 0.11 | 2.24 | −0.57 | 1.61 |
Self | 0.31 | 2.47 | −0.29 | 2.58 |
Group Leader * | −0.70 | 1.72 | 0.25 | 0.93 |
Secure Attachment | 0.36 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 0.60 |
CPSS Variables | ||||
Total Trauma | −3.18 | 6.06 | −3.67 | 10.01 |
Re-Experiencing | −1.31 | 4.04 | −0.79 | 3.46 |
Avoidance | −1.50 | 3.46 | −1.76 | 5.23 |
Hyperarousal | −0.38 | 2.86 | −1.13 | 3.31 |
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Goodman, G.; Blum, B.; Rentrop, C.; Malberg, N.; Agrawal, P. The Efficacy of Two Group Interventions on Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Trauma Symptoms in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Minoritized Young Adolescents in an Urban Middle School. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105789
Goodman G, Blum B, Rentrop C, Malberg N, Agrawal P. The Efficacy of Two Group Interventions on Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Trauma Symptoms in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Minoritized Young Adolescents in an Urban Middle School. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(10):5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105789
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoodman, Geoff, Bryan Blum, Carla Rentrop, Norka Malberg, and Palakrajiv Agrawal. 2023. "The Efficacy of Two Group Interventions on Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Trauma Symptoms in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Minoritized Young Adolescents in an Urban Middle School" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 10: 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105789
APA StyleGoodman, G., Blum, B., Rentrop, C., Malberg, N., & Agrawal, P. (2023). The Efficacy of Two Group Interventions on Mental Representations, Attachment Security, and Trauma Symptoms in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Minoritized Young Adolescents in an Urban Middle School. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(10), 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105789