Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance: The Magnitude of the Problem and the Emerging Role of Hospital Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microplastics: Addressing the Main Problem
3. Mechanism of Interaction between MPs and ARGs
4. The Role of Wastewater in Spreading Environmental Antibiotic-Resistance
5. Potential Impact on Health of MPs and Their Contaminants
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Location | Sampling Years | Hospital Capacity | Average ARGs Absolute Abundance, Minimum and Maximum Value (Gene Copies/L) | Antibiotics Abundance Average, Minimum and Maximum Value (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rodriguez-Mozaz et al., 2015 [48] | Girona, Spain | 2011–2012 | Main hospital, 400 beds | blaTEM: ~107; qnrS: ~107; ermB: ~109; sulI: ~108; tetW: ~109 | CIP: 8.305–13.779; OFX: 4.750–14.378; CFZ: 0.045–0.083; CTX: 0.144–0.240; AZM: 0.020–0.059; CLAR: 0.167–0.941; SMX: 4.817–0.190; TMP: 3.787–0.136; MTR: 1.793–0.524 |
Hutinel et al., 2022 [49] | Gothenburg, Sweden | 2015–2019 | Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 2000 beds | * mcr-1: 9.96 × 10−7–2.25 × 10−5; mcr-3: 4.34 × 10−5–1.45 × 10−3; mcr-4: 4.88 × 10−6–3.20 × 10−5; mcr-5: 4.07 × 10−5–1.19 × 10−4; sul4: 7.53 × 10−6–7.14 × 10−5; gar: 8.53 × 10−7–5.09 × 10−4; optrA: 2.60 × 10−5–4.74 × 10−5; cfr(A): 3.20 × 10−7–7.61 × 10−6 | Data not available |
Gönder et al., 2021 [50] | Istanbul, Turkey | 2 years | Medical faculty hospital, 1358 beds | Data not available | AMP: 0.41; AZM: 1.06; CIP: 3.48 CLAR: 5.34; CLM: 0.1; ERY: 0.28; MTR: 0.86; NOR: 0.1; OFX: 0.96; SDZ: 0.24; SMX: 15.68; SPR: 1.93; TMP: 3.6 |
Yao et al., 2021 [51] | East China | 2019 | Primary Hospital, 80 beds Secondary Hospital, 150 beds Tertiary Hospital, 964 beds | qeqA: 5.73 × 105; qnrA: 1.44 × 108; qnrD: 2.02 × 107; qnrS: 1.82 × 108; blaOXA-1: 2.22 × 1010; blaTEM-1: 7.17 × 109; blaGES-1: 1.33 × 1010; blaOXA-10: 3.50 × 109; blaSHV-1: 1.16 × 107; blaDHA-1: 2.02 × 108 | CN: 0.03–0.88; CEF: 0.02–0.11; CED: 0.37–2.38; CAZ: 0.14–31.21; AMX: 0.04–1.43; AMP: 0.14–0.67; OFX: 1.39–49.47; NOR: 0.05–0.61; TMP: 0.02–0.50; FOX: 0.36–8.96; CFZ: 0.45–5.01; CEP: 106.76–540.39; MER: 0.02–0.2 |
Wang et al., 2018 [52] | XinXiang city, Central China | 2016 | Tertiary Hospital 1, 1740 beds Tertiary Hospital 2, 1200 beds Tertiary Hospital 3, 700 beds | tetX: 1.30 × 109–4.14 × 109; tetM: 4.10 × 107–4.15 × 108; tetO: 1.38 × 109–8.34 × 1010; ereA: 6.81 × 107–3.50 × 108; ermA: 1.88; ermB: 8.28 × 108–3.20 × 109; sul1: 1.30 × 1010–7.24 × 1010; sul2: 1.29 × 109–7.83 × 109; sul3: 6.40 × 105–4.84 × 107; qnrA: 1.01× 107–4.79 × 107; qnrD: 1.73 × 106–3.72 × 106; oqxB: 3.34 × 106–1.85 × 107 | SDZ: 0.123; SMX: 0.533; OFX: 2.329; NOR:1.629; CIP: 1.334; TET: 1.411; OTC: 1.479; ERY: 0.479; LN: 0.132; TMP: 0.268; CN: 2.392 |
Yilmaz et al., 2017 [53] | Istanbul, Turkey | 2014 | Medical Faculty Hospital 1, 1358 beds Medical Faculty Hospital 2, 1285 beds Training and Research Hospital, 612 beds | Data not available | SMX: 0.55–8.5; CLN: <0.01–4.1; TMP: <0.01–2.2; CIP: 1.9–24; CAZ: 1.6; AZM: <0.01–0.4; CLAR: 0.063–15; SDZ: <0.01–0.16; OFX: 0.082–200; CLM: <0.01–0.036; MTR: <0.03–3; SPR: <0.01–0.047 |
Azanu et al., 2018 [54] | Kumasi, Ghana | 2014 | Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, 1200 beds University Hospital, 120 beds | Data not available | CIP: 0.247–0.420; ERY: 11.352–15.733; TMP: 7.944–10.613; SMX: 0.094–4.826; AMX: 0.058–0.116; AMP: 0.075–0.252; CFX: 0.016–0.024; MTR: 0.024–0.120; DOX: 0.002–0.006; TET: 0.107–0.324; CTC: 1.052–1.557; OTC: 2.315–3.590 |
Zhu et al., 2021 [55] | Eastern China | 2018–2019 | Three public hospitals | blaNDM1–15: 3.13 × 107–1.72 × 1010; blaNDM16: 3.13 × 107–1.72 × 1010; mcr-1–mcr-5: 2.03 × 106–1.32 × 109; tet(X1)–tet(X5): 5.62 × 105–3.69 × 109 | Data not available |
Sib et al., 2020 [56] | Germany | 2016–2018 | Maximum care hospital, 1274 beds | blaNDM: 108–109; blaVIM: 108–109; blaCTX-15-M: ~107; sul1: 1010–1011; mcr-1: ~103–105 | Data not available |
Kayali and Icgen, 2020 [57] | Ankara, Turkey | 2017 | Six major hospitals H1, 160 beds H2, 270 beds H3, 468 beds H4, 484 beds H5, 730 beds H6, 1140 beds | aadA: 9.5 × 107; tetA: 2.5 × 107; cmlA: 8.3 × 106; sul1: 3.7 × 106; qnrS: 1.2 × 106; ermB: 2.9 × 105; blaCTX-M: 1.1 × 103 | Data not available |
Wang et al., 2022 [58] | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 2020 | Infection Disease Hospital (Hospital A) Psychiatric hospital (Hospital B) | Data not available | SMX: 0.013–0.330; ERY: 0.00006–0.006; CIP: 0.015–0.068; MFX: 0.008–0.009; PG: 0.008–0.017; MER: 0.013; TET: 0.005–0.006 |
Kosma et al., 2020 [59] | Ioannina, Greece | 1 year | Ioannina University Hospital: 800 beds | Data not available | SDZ: 0.348; SMX: 0.525; SPR: 0.262; STZ: 0.109; TMP: 0.295 |
Vazquez et al., 2023 [60] | Galicia, Spain Porto, Portugal | Data not available | Hospital 1 Hospital 2 | Data not available | AZM: 1.9–3.4; CIP: 0.18–0.66; OFX: 2.5–3.5; SDZ: 0.35; SMX: 0.073–0.10; TMP: 0.13–0.20; CLAR: 0.034; ERY: 0.063; NOR: 0.21 |
Dinh et al., 2017 [61] | Fontenay-les-Briis, France | 2009–2014 | Polyvalent medical centre: 360 beds | Data not available | ERY: 0.80; TET: 0.03; AMX: 0.11; TMP: 0.94; ORM: 0.04; SMX: 2.1; PI: 0.02; ENO: 0.76; LOM: 0.25; NOR: 12.1; CIP: 5.8; OFX: 17.9; VAN: 3.6 |
Le et al., 2016 [62] | Singapore | 2014 | 2 Hospital Blocks, 1597 beds Block A, clinical isolation wards Block B, general wards Hospital 2, 1500 beds | blaNDM: 2.29 × 109; blaKPC: 4.08 × 1010; blaCTX-M: 1.25 × 109; blaSHV: 6.19 × 108 | AZM: 0.11–1.51; CIP: 1.72–76.44 CHL: 0.65; CLAR: 0.76–72.87; ERY: 0.3–17.63; MER: 0.19–1.01; SMX: 0.94–28.36; TMP: 0,78–71.8; CLM: 1.43; LN: 0.015; TET: 0.82 |
Szekeres et al., 2017 [63] | Cluj County, Romania | 2015 | Oncological Hospital, 535 beds General Hospital, 113 beds General Hospital, 453 beds | aacC2: 4.41 × 108–1.08 × 109; blaVIM: 1.43 × 105–3.19 × 106; catA1: 5.31 × 106–1.44 × 108; ermA: 2.16 × 105; floR: 1.58 × 104–1.73 × 108; tnpA: 1.41 × 109–2.76 × 109; mefA: 8.01 × 107–1.91 × 108; qacEΔ1: 2.22 × 109–3.80 × 106; blaSHV: 1.94 × 108–3.41 × 105; sulI: 6.11 × 109–1.51 × 1010; sulII: 4.29 × 107–5.75 × 108; tetA: 2.69 × 108–5.94 × 108; tetB: 1.13 × 106–1.66 × 106; tetC: 1.33 × 105–1.92 × 105; tetO: 4.91 × 107–1.09 × 109; tetW: 6.79 × 106–1.69 × 108 | AMP: 8.07–53.05; CAZ: 3.66–10.46; CEP: 5.18–8.52; TMP: 13.06–30.38; IPM: 14.42; TAZ: 10.26; VAN: 5.03–13.98; PIP: 7.81; ERY: 7.52; SMX: 6.06; TET: 1.34; GM: 7.87 |
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Tuvo, B.; Scarpaci, M.; Bracaloni, S.; Esposito, E.; Costa, A.L.; Ioppolo, M.; Casini, B. Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance: The Magnitude of the Problem and the Emerging Role of Hospital Wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105868
Tuvo B, Scarpaci M, Bracaloni S, Esposito E, Costa AL, Ioppolo M, Casini B. Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance: The Magnitude of the Problem and the Emerging Role of Hospital Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(10):5868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105868
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuvo, Benedetta, Michela Scarpaci, Sara Bracaloni, Enrica Esposito, Anna Laura Costa, Martina Ioppolo, and Beatrice Casini. 2023. "Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance: The Magnitude of the Problem and the Emerging Role of Hospital Wastewater" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 10: 5868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105868