The Scorching Truth: Investigating the Impact of Heatwaves on Selangor’s Elderly Hospitalisations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Profile of Study Area
2.2. Definition of Heatwaves
2.3. Hospitalisation Data
2.4. Meteorological Data
2.5. Model Specification
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Hospitalisation | ATmean (°C) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All-Cause Diseases | Natural Causes | Share (%) | Circulatory System 1 | Share (%) | Respiratory System 2 | Share (%) | Mean | S.D. | |
Jan | 5590 | 5133 | 91.8 | 1318 | 23.6 | 890 | 15.9 | 33.2 | 1.5 |
Feb | 4924 | 4507 | 91.5 | 1164 | 23.6 | 802 | 16.3 | 33.7 | 1.1 |
Mar | 5342 | 4874 | 91.2 | 1247 | 23.3 | 841 | 15.7 | 34.5 | 1.2 |
Apr | 5058 | 4624 | 91.4 | 1230 | 24.3 | 742 | 14.7 | 35.0 | 1.4 |
May | 5333 | 4874 | 91.4 | 1299 | 24.4 | 751 | 14.1 | 35.2 | 1.4 |
June | 5193 | 4730 | 91.1 | 1257 | 24.2 | 703 | 13.5 | 34.8 | 3.1 |
July | 5265 | 4816 | 91.5 | 1260 | 23.9 | 721 | 13.7 | 34.3 | 1.2 |
Aug | 5266 | 4821 | 91.5 | 1285 | 24.4 | 729 | 13.8 | 34.3 | 1.2 |
Sep | 4943 | 4525 | 91.5 | 1193 | 24.1 | 687 | 13.9 | 33.6 | 2.3 |
Oct | 4533 | 4138 | 91.3 | 1073 | 23.7 | 630 | 13.9 | 33.5 | 2.9 |
Nov | 2987 | 2722 | 91.1 | 723 | 24.2 | 425 | 14.2 | 33.4 | 1.1 |
Dec | 1624 | 1429 | 88.0 | 376 | 23.1 | 243 | 14.9 | 33.0 | 2.7 |
Heatwaves (n = 35) | Non-Heatwave (n = 3983) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospitalisation | Mean | Max | Q3 | Median | Q1 | Mean | Max | Q3 | Median | Q1 |
All-cause | 135 | 312 | 212 | 98 | 78 | 154 | 473 | 250 | 119 | 71 |
Natural cause | 124 | 294 | 202 | 88 | 72 | 140 | 423 | 228 | 108 | 65 |
Circulatory system | 34 | 106 | 49 | 24 | 20 | 37 | 152 | 58 | 27 | 16 |
Respiratory system | 18 | 55 | 21 | 12 | 11 | 22 | 94 | 36 | 17 | 10 |
Age 60–69 | 81 | 210 | 118 | 62 | 44 | 93 | 361 | 149 | 69 | 44 |
Age 70–79 | 66 | 615 | 87 | 35 | 32 | 56 | 218 | 88 | 44 | 29 |
Age 80 and older | 19 | 66 | 28 | 12 | 10 | 20 | 91 | 32 | 15 | 9 |
Age 60 and older | 166 | 842 | 234 | 109 | 81 | 170 | 572 | 275 | 127 | 85 |
ATmean (°C) | 38.1 | 39.0 | 37.8 | 37.6 | 37.4 | 36.0 | 38.4 | 35.0 | 34.1 | 33.1 |
Year | Date of Start | Heatwaves (Days) | Age Groups | Diseases | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 to 69 | 70 to 79 | 80 and Older | 60 and Older | All Causes | Natural Causes | Circulatory System | Respiratory System | |||
2010 | May-15 | 3 | 155 | 86 | 32 | 273 | 273 | 245 | 55 | 27 |
2010 | May-23 | 5 | 272 | 169 | 52 | 493 | 493 | 441 | 116 | 62 |
2011 | May-06 | 5 | 194 | 122 | 48 | 364 | 364 | 319 | 77 | 37 |
2012 | April-27 | 4 | 158 | 140 | 47 | 345 | 345 | 266 | 85 | 35 |
2012 | May-14 | 3 | 196 | 114 | 38 | 348 | 348 | 278 | 77 | 40 |
2012 | June-02 | 4 | 147 | 76 | 23 | 246 | 246 | 200 | 53 | 42 |
2016 | April-12 | 3 | 470 | 278 | 108 | 856 | 856 | 754 | 160 | 126 |
2020 | May-05 | 8 | 1255 | 1328 | 305 | 2888 | 2888 | 1831 | 581 | 245 |
Total | 35 | 1592 | 985 | 348 | 2925 | 2925 | 2503 | 623 | 369 |
Parametric Coefficients | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | Pr (>|t|) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.130 | 0.215 | 1.360 | 0.187 | |
ATmean | 0.129 | 0.002 | 64.319 | 0.000 | *** |
Heatwave | 0.054 | 0.313 | 0.173 | 0.863 | |
Day of Week | |||||
Mondays | 0.195 | 0.097 | 2.017 | 0.044 | * |
Tuesdays | 0.124 | 0.097 | 1.285 | 0.199 | |
Wednesdays | 0.160 | 0.097 | 1.660 | 0.097 | # |
Thursdays | 0.048 | 0.096 | 0.494 | 0.622 | |
Fridays | 0.028 | 0.097 | 0.385 | 0.088 | |
Saturdays | 0.000 | 0.097 | -0.001 | 0.999 | |
Sundays | 0.035 | 0.097 | 0.360 | 0.719 | |
Approx. sig. of smooth terms: | edf | Ref.df | F | p-value | |
s(ATmean) | 3.536 | 3.816 | 19.673 | 0.000 | *** |
s(DRF) | 2.394 | 2.879 | 6.092 | 0.000 | *** |
s(DMEANRH) | 3.593 | 4.365 | 35.752 | 0.000 | *** |
Aged 60 to 69 | Aged 70 to 79 | Aged 80 and Older | Aged 60 and Older | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −0.161 | # | −0.800 | *** | −0.738 | *** | 0.335 | *** |
ATmean | ||||||||
Lag 0–1 day | 0.013 | 0.104 | −0.164 | 0.032 | ||||
Lag 0–3 days | 0.316 | # | −0.127 | 0.539 | * | 0.213 | ||
Lag 0–5 days | −0.530 | ** | −0.156 | −0.417 | # | −0.432 | ** | |
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 0.005 | *** | 0.006 | *** | 0.006 | *** | 0.006 | *** |
Male | 0.005 | *** | 0.005 | *** | 0.004 | *** | 0.006 | *** |
Hospitalisations | ||||||||
All causes | −0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 | * | |||
Natural causes | 0.514 | ** | 0.206 | 0.466 | * | 0.397 | ** | |
Circulatory system | −0.953 | *** | −0.430 | −0.781 | * | −0.666 | ** | |
Respiratory system | 0.480 | *** | 0.140 | 0.117 | 0.463 | *** |
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Yong, K.H.; Teo, Y.N.; Azadbakht, M.; Phung, H.; Chu, C. The Scorching Truth: Investigating the Impact of Heatwaves on Selangor’s Elderly Hospitalisations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105910
Yong KH, Teo YN, Azadbakht M, Phung H, Chu C. The Scorching Truth: Investigating the Impact of Heatwaves on Selangor’s Elderly Hospitalisations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(10):5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105910
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong, Kun Hing, Yen Nee Teo, Mohsen Azadbakht, Hai Phung, and Cordia Chu. 2023. "The Scorching Truth: Investigating the Impact of Heatwaves on Selangor’s Elderly Hospitalisations" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 10: 5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105910
APA StyleYong, K. H., Teo, Y. N., Azadbakht, M., Phung, H., & Chu, C. (2023). The Scorching Truth: Investigating the Impact of Heatwaves on Selangor’s Elderly Hospitalisations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(10), 5910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105910