COVID-19 and (Im)migrant Carers in Italy: The Production of Carer Precarity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Precarity, Migrant Labor Force, and COVID-19
“precarity” designates that politically induced condition in which certain populations suffer from failing social and economic networks of support and become differentially exposed to injury, violence, and death. Such populations are at heightened risk of disease, poverty, starvation, displacement, and of exposure to violence without protection. [12].(p. ii)
2.1. Domestic and Care Workers
2.2. Italy and Eldercare
2.3. Italian Model of Care
COVID Context and Background
3. Methodology
4. Research Findings and Analysis
4.1. Caregivers Daily-Lived Experiences during the COVID-19 Lockdown
My work as a caregiver: day and night, round the clock, only two hours in the afternoon every day free. Every day of the week. I have been in this profession for almost 9 years. I have been with this patient for 7 years. For now, I care for a man who has the disease Parkinson’s. I have to help him with everything: eating, washing, bathroom, walking, dispensing medicine, cook, clean the house. Everything, except paying bills […] There is ‘friendship’, it’s not just a working relationship, it’s like a family. Because if you don’t consider it like a family, you can’t, because if it’s okay that you just do a few hours and leave, that’s another thing maybe. But when you’re always there, 24 h a day, and so, if you’re treated well, you consider them as your family, not just as work.(Mariya, caregiver, Ukraine, 34 years of age)
I also worked on Sunday and Saturday without anyone paying me […] but I can’t go out; there are police around and everywhere; you can’t, where do I go? In the middle of the street? I’d better stay here at home, huh!(Lamia, caregiver, Morocco, 38 years)
Before I had two hours when I can go out, take a walk, have a coffee, that’s the difference, this whole period, almost three months, that I’ve been at home, stuck. The system of my life is normal, like before, I eat, I fix the house. Like before, shower. These things all normal like before. The difference is those two hours … at this time I’m stuck at home, because where do I go? On the street there is no one. The police are around. That’s the difference, I’m stuck.(Interview, Laminah, caregiver, Morocco, 38 years)
[During lockdown] I just worked. I was always at home as prescribed by the law. My day didn’t change too much compared to before the virus (except) I spent my free two hours resting in my room. On Sundays, I rested. My patient’s daughters came, same as before. Only that I stayed at home, that I didn’t go out because I couldn’t go out. I just stayed in the room and that’s all […].(Lucie, caregiver, Ukraine, 50 years)
I spend most of my time here now with my patient and then return home once in a while to my family on the weekend. It’s a bit difficult, but I can’t abandon my patient. I always try my best to also be there for my family.(Luis, caregiver, Ecuador, 49 years)
[…] in this quarantine, I couldn’t go out for my two free hours. Being a diuretic, I need to walk a little bit—I need to move a little bit. The only difficulty I had after my work has always been like this. The lockdown has impacted my health whilst trying my best to provide care.(Assunta, caregiver, Bolivia, 43 years)
Eh, I went through the pandemic very badly because my sister had this problem, and I couldn’t think about myself. Okay. I couldn’t, because with my lady I had to be smiling all the time, like this, but I could do all this. I was crying somewhere else and smiling in front of my lady, because the lady was a little bit depressed.(Kateryna, caregiver, Ukraine)
Being a single parent, the lockdown isn’t easy because I must attend to my children and the old lady I cared for. It was a challenging moment for everyone involved. I can’t stay home for several reasons: I work in the shadow economy, have no income without working and, importantly, the woman is like a mother to me, so I can’t abandon her.(Miriam, caregiver, Senegal, 48 years)
I decided that if I stay at home it’s better for the lady and me because if I may catch the virus, I get well. But if I get the virus and I come here to the house, I feed the lady, and she catches the virus, and right away she goes to the cemetery, huh? That’s why I said from the beginning that I’m afraid more for the lady than for me. That’s the truth because, at this point, this work of mine is where I also live. You understand how it works.(Laminah, caregiver, Morocco, 38 years)
[…] I’ve been having a bad time, stressed about everything. I’m away from my family. I’m stuck here because I took the plane ticket on March 14 and after that you know my flight was cancelled. I took the round trip ticket for half a day vacation, and I’m stuck here, all the plans have changed, even before the problem I was already stressed because of my work. I don’t have a lady to lift, to put her diaper, yes. Okay, but my job is all stress, because you have to stay all day and all night at home, necessarily, because my job is like that, twenty-four-hour caregiver. Before the problem, I was already stressed, and I wanted to take a breather. I got the ticket, and everything and I cancelled everything. I’m stuck here, and I’m stuck even more at home and I’ve been through what I’ve been through. Let’s hope well ahead that we don’t go back to quarantine because it’s worse; actually, let’s hope well.(Laminah, caregiver, Morocco, 38 years)
I feel weary and troubled by the situation and can’t return home to see my family. It’s okay to hear through the phone that everything is fine, but this time it’s different because of the pandemic. I must wait until the situation is under control and borders are opened. And I don’t want to leave my patient now that she needs me most—we’re like a family, you know. The right time will come.(Aleida, caregiver, Bolivia, 60 years)
4.2. COVID-19 and Precarious Employment
After this situation, I think some things will change regarding labor conditions. I think there will be a lack of jobs—too many people lost their jobs, even I speak for mine, who work as caregivers also, for us it will be a little bit difficult if we lose a job, right? Finding another person to care for will be a little bit difficult […].(Aileen, caregiver, Ecuador, 46 years)
As you know, the lady with whom I work is quite independent. She left me home during the lockdown because she wanted to be tranquil. Let’s say, because I’m not really fixed all day with her, I have other jobs and I have more contact with other people, and so she said, “It’s better if you stay at home so I’m calmer and so are you.” [What impact did this situation have on you?] “Economically, so much.” Now I started again, it was suspended, let’s say, at the end of March, yes, and I started again then in the middle of May. […] She decided it, let’s say, in order to be more serene, because maybe she said, “And you who are always going round and you can take the disease and then bring it to me” […].(Alexis, caregiver, El Salvador, 44)
Eh, for me it was not so difficult, but I had another problem. My sister was working in another family where a lot of people were coming in, nurses, even helpers, even the children back and forth. Then my sister was also sick…the older adults had taken them first to the hospital. The other lady and two died of coronavirus. My sister was sick, and for me, it was a little -- no, not a little, a big worry because she was so ill. Yes, it was a very bad situation. My sister has no documents. She also has problems with the language. She’s been in Italy for a year and a half. She has problems and they were also treating her very badly. I was able to keep in touch with her through telephone every moment I could talk and help her psychologically like that. Today is the first time I met with her, because my family members were afraid if we met that they would take something from me, but today I met with her from a distance, because it’s already been a month and a half since she was sick, and she couldn’t even do the swab to check. But according to me she’s fine, I don’t know, if we can do it. Okay. We are looking for another job. For the residence permit, I’m looking everywhere and I can’t find the job yet. I understand if you don’t have the contract you can’t […] regularize.(Kateryna, caregiver, Ukraine)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Dotsey, S.; Lumley-Sapanski, A.; Ambrosini, M. COVID-19 and (Im)migrant Carers in Italy: The Production of Carer Precarity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126108
Dotsey S, Lumley-Sapanski A, Ambrosini M. COVID-19 and (Im)migrant Carers in Italy: The Production of Carer Precarity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(12):6108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126108
Chicago/Turabian StyleDotsey, Senyo, Audrey Lumley-Sapanski, and Maurizio Ambrosini. 2023. "COVID-19 and (Im)migrant Carers in Italy: The Production of Carer Precarity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12: 6108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126108