Evaluation of Nutrient Consumption for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Health Promotion Services: A Controlled and Randomized Community Trial to Promote Fruits and Vegetables
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Type and Place of Study
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Intervention to Encourage the Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables
2.5. Outcome Variables
2.6. Covariables
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Ethical Standards Disclosure
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2020; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020; Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240000490 (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Non Communicable Diseases; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014; Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/148114/9789241564854_eng.pdf (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- Pem, D.; Jeewon, R. Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Benefits and Progress of Nutrition Education Interventions-Narrative Review Article. Iran. J. Public Health 2015, 44, 1309–1321. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Brasil Ministério da Saúde; Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde; Departamento de Atenção Básica. Guia Alimentar Para a População Brasileira, 2nd ed.; Ministério da Saúde: Brasília, Brazil, 2014; 156p.
- World Health Organization. Healthy Diet. Fact Sheet N°394; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018; Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/healthy-diet-factsheet394 (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003; Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42665/WHO_TRS_916.pdf;jsessionid=CBE3CB11E0C17B580A7F43FB3A6A4D?sequence=1 (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- Brasil. Portaria de Consolidação nº 5, de 28 de Setembro de 2017. Consolidação das Normas Sobre as Ações e os Serviços de Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. 2017. Available online: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/composicao/sectics/farmacia-popular%20old/legislacao/prc-5-portaria-de-consolida-o-n-5-de-28-de-setembro-de-2017.pdf/@@download/file/PRC-5-Portaria-de-Consolida----o-n---5--de-28-de-setembro-de-2017.pdf (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- de Sá, G.B.A.R.; Dornelles, G.C.; Cruz, K.G.; de Araújo Amorim, R.C.; de Araújo Andrade, S.S.C.; Oliveira, T.P.; da Silva, M.M.A.; Malta, D.C.; de Souza, M.d.F.M. O Programa Academia da Saúde como estratégia de promoção da saúde e modos de vida saudáveis: Cenário nacional de implementação. Ciência Saúde Coletiva 2016, 21, 1849–1860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Menezes, M.C.; Mingoti, S.A.; Cardoso, C.S.; de Deus Mendonça, R.; Lopes, A.C.S. Intervention Based on Transtheoretical Model Promotes Anthropometric and Nutritional Improvements—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Eat. Behav. 2015, 17, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Deus Mendonça, R.; Mingoti, S.A.; Bethony, M.F.G.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Bes-Rastrollo, M.; Lopes, A.C.S. Intervention for Promoting Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in Brazilians: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Public Health Nutr. 2022, 25, 781–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ball, L.; Leveritt, M.; Cass, S.; Chaboyer, W. Effect of Nutrition Care Provided by Primary Health Professionals on Adults’ Dietary Behaviours: A Systematic Review. Fam. Pract. 2015, 32, 605–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Menezes, M.C.; Costa, B.V.L.; Ferreira, N.L.; Freitas, P.P.; Mendonça, R.D.; Lopes, M.S.; Araújo, M.L.; Guimarães, L.M.F.; Lopes, A.C.S. Methodological course of a community controlled trial in health care services: A translational epidemiological research on Nutrition. Demetra 2017, 12, 1203–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades. 2021. Available online: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mg/belo-horizonte/panorama (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- Lopes, A.C.S.; Ferreira, A.D.; Mendonça, R.D.; Dias, M.A.S.; Rodrigue, R.C.L.C.; Santos, L.C. Estratégia de Promoção à Saúde: Programa Academia da Cidade de Belo Horizonte. Rev. Bras. De Ativ. Física Saúde 2016, 21, 379–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte. Academia da Cidade. 2021. Available online: https://prefeitura.pbh.gov.br/saude/informacoes/atencao-a-saude/promocao-da-saude/academia-da-cidade (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte. Índice de Vulnerabilidade à Saúde (IVS-BH). 2018. Available online: https://prefeitura.pbh.gov.br/estatisticas-e-indicadores/indice-de-vulnerabilidade-da-saude (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Endemic; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000; Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330 (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- Thompson, F.E.; Subar, A.F. Dietary Assessment Methodology. In Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 5–48. ISBN 978-0-12-802928-2. [Google Scholar]
- Fisberg, R.M.; Martini, L.A.; Slater, B. Métodos de inquéritos alimentares. In Inquéritos Alimentares: Métodos e Bases Científicas; Manole: Barueri, Brazil, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Pinheiro, A.B.C.; Lacerda, E.M.A.; Benzecry, E.H.; Gomes, M.C.S. Tabela para Avaliação de Consumo Alimentar em Medidas Caseiras, 5th ed.; Atheneu: São Paulo, Brazil, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Fisberg, R.M.; Marchioni, D.M.L. Manual de Avaliação do Consumo Alimentar em Estudos Populacionais: A Experiência do Inquérito de Saúde em São Paulo (ISA); e-Coleções FSP/USP: São Paulo, Brazil, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Brasil Ministério da Saúde; Ministério do Planejamento Orçamento e Gestão; Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008–2009. In Tabelas de Composição Nutricional dos Alimentos Consumidos no Brasil; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011; 540p. [Google Scholar]
- Campos, S.F.; Dos Santos, L.C.; Lopes, M.S.; de Freitas, P.P.; Lopes, A.C. Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Nutritional Profile in a Health Promotion Service of Primary Care. Public Health Nutr. 2021, 24, 5113–5126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silva, A.R.; Lopes, M.S.; Campos, S.F.; Dos Santos, L.C.; Freitas, P.P.; Lopes, A.C. Dietary and Nutrient Intake among Participants of a Brazilian Health Promotion Programme: A Cross-Sectional Study. Public Health Nutr. 2021, 24, 6218–6226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Louzada ML, D.C.; Martins AP, B.; Canella, D.S.; Baraldi, L.G.; Levy, R.B.; Claro, R.M.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C.A. Alimentos ultraprocessados e perfil nutricional da dieta no Brasil. Rev. De Saúde Pública 2015, 49, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Menezes, M.C.; de Deus Mendonça, R.; Ferreira, N.L.; Guimarães LM, F.; Lopes, A.C.S. Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Methodological Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Community Trial. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun. 2018, 10, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prochaska, J.O.; Norcross, J.C.; DiClemente, C.C. Applying the Stages of Change. In Psychologists’ Desk Reference; Koocher, G.P., Norcross, J.C., Greene, B.A., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 177–181. ISBN 978-0-19-984549-1. [Google Scholar]
- Andrés, A.; Saldaña, C.; Gómez-Benito, J. The Transtheoretical Model in Weight Management: Validation of the Processes of Change Questionnaire. Obes. Facts 2011, 4, 433–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Prochaska, J.O.; DiClemente, C.C.; Norcross, J.C. In Search of How People Change. Applications to Addictive Behaviors. Am. Psychol. 1992, 47, 1102–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toral, N.; Slater, B. Abordagem do modelo transteórico no comportamento alimentar. Ciência Saúde Coletiva 2007, 12, 1641–1650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Freire, P. Pedagogia da Autonomia: Saberes Necessários à Prática Educativa, 48th ed.; Paz e terra: São Paulo, Brazil, 2014; 144p. [Google Scholar]
- Horwath, C.C.; Schembre, S.M.; Motl, R.W.; Dishman, R.K.; Nigg, C.R. Does the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change Provide a Useful Basis for Interventions to Promote Fruit and Vegetable Consumption? Am. J. Health Promot. 2013, 27, 351–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Prochaska, J.O.; DiClemente, C.C.; Velicer, W.F.; Ginpil, S.; Norcross, J.C. Predicting Change in Smoking Status for Self-Changers. Addict. Behav. 1985, 10, 395–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Figueira, T.R.; Lopes, A.C.S.; Modena, C.M. Avaliação do consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre famílias de usuários do programa academia da saúde (pas). Rev. Bras. Em Promoção Da Saúde 2014, 27, 518–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Deus Mendonça, R.; Guimarães, L.M.F.; Mingoti, S.A.; Magalhaes, K.A.; Lopes, A.C.S. Barriers to and Facilitators for Adherence to Nutritional Intervention: Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables. Nutrition 2019, 67–68, 110568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. WHO Issues New Guidance on Dietary Salt and Potassium; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013; Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/31-01-2013-who-issues-new-guidance-on-dietary-salt-and-potassium (accessed on 30 August 2021).
- Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology, 3rd ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Bhattarai, N.; Prevost, A.T.; Wright, A.J.; Charlton, J.; Rudisill, C.; Gulliford, M.C. Effectiveness of Interventions to Promote Healthy Diet in Primary Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- de Deus Mendonça, R.; Lopes, M.S.; Freitas, P.P.; Campos, S.F.; de Menezes, M.C.; Lopes, A.C.S. Monotonia no consumo de frutas e hortaliças e características do ambiente alimentar. Rev. De Saúde Pública 2019, 53, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Variables | Total Sample (n = 3414) | Baseline | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG [n = 1931 (56.6%)] | IG [n = 1483 (43.4%)] | ||||||
N | Values | n | Values | n | Values | ||
Gender, % | |||||||
Female | 3007 | 88.1 | 1717 | 88.9 | 1290 | 87.0 | 0.08 * |
Male | 407 | 11.9 | 214 | 11.1 | 193 | 13.0 | |
Marital status 1, % | |||||||
Married | 2102 | 61.6 | 1196 | 62.0 | 906 | 61.1 | 0.72 * |
Separate | 1311 | 38.4 | 734 | 38.0 | 577 | 38.9 | |
Age (years) | 3414 | 58 (49–65) | 1.931 | 58 (50–65) | 1.483 | 57 (49–65) | 0.10 # |
Years of study | 3414 | 7 (4–11) | 1.931 | 8 (4–11) | 1.483 | 7 (4–11) | 0.001 # |
Per capita family income ($) 2 | 3116 | 301.33 (188.61–444.44) | 1.761 | 311.11 (200.00–488.89) | 1355 | 301.33 (177.78–444.44) | 0.001 # |
Self-perception of health 1 | |||||||
Bad/Very bad | 107 | 3.1 | 59 | 3.1 | 48 | 3.4 | 0.95 * |
Fair | 859 | 25.2 | 485 | 25.1 | 374 | 25.2 | |
Good/Very good | 2447 | 71.7 | 1.386 | 71.8 | 1.061 | 71.5 | |
Physical activity 3 | |||||||
<150 min per week | 218 | 6.6 | 121 | 6.5 | 97 | 6.8 | 0.75 * |
≥150 min per week | 3058 | 93.4 | 1.731 | 93.5 | 1.327 | 93.2 | |
Time of participation in the PAS (months) | 3414 | 16.7 (7.0–30.5) | 1.931 | 17.8 (8.1–34.4) | 1483 | 14.8 (5.8–27.2) | <0.001 # |
BMI 4 (kg/m2) | 3264 | 27.3 (24.4–30.6) | 1.849 | 27.3 (24.3–30.7) | 1.415 | 27.3 (24.5–30.5) | 0.83 # |
Diabetes mellitus 5, % | 576 | 16.9 (15.7–18.2) | 331 | 17.2 (15.5–18.9) | 245 | 16.6 (14.8–18.6) | 0.65 * |
Arterial hypertension 6, % | 1814 | 53.2 (51.5–54.8) | 1.018 | 52.7 (50.5–55.0) | 796 | 53.7 (51.2–56.2) | 0.57 * |
Obesity 4, % | 944 | 28.9 (27.4–30.5) | 539 | 29.1 (27.1–31.3) | 405 | 28.6 (26.3–31.0) | 0.74 * |
Variables | Total Sample (n = 3414) | Baseline | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CG [n = 1931 (56.6%)] | IG [n = 1483 (43.4%)] | |||
Values [Median (P25–P75)] 1 | Values [Median (P25–P75)] 1 | Values [Median (P25–P75)] 1 | ||
Nutrients | ||||
Total energy (kcal/d) | 1354.2 (1061.1–1669.9) | 1369.2 (1068.3–1691.1) | 1328.6 (1046.6–1645.4) | 0.04 |
Protein (%) | 16.8 (14.1–19.9) | 16.7 (14.1–19.8) | 16.9 (14.1–20.2) | 0.32 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 53.8 (48.1–59.5) | 54.0 (48.1–59.8) | 53.6 (48.0–59.2) | 0.28 |
Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 11.6 (9.0–14.7) | 11.7 (9.1–14.8) | 11.5 (8.9–14.7) | 0.18 |
Total fat (%) | 29.8 (24.8–34.4) | 29.8 (24.7–34.3) | 29.9 (24.9–34.6) | 0.80 |
Saturated fat (%) | 9.5 (7.4–11.6) | 9.5 (7.3–11.6) | 9.5 (7.4–11.8) | 0.49 |
Monounsaturated fat (%) | 9.6 (7.6–12.0) | 9.7 (7.6–11.9) | 9.6 (7.6–12.1) | 0.86 |
Polyunsaturated fat (%) | 5.9 (4.6–7.4) | 5.9 (4.6–7.3) | 6.0 (4.6–7.4) | 0.43 |
Trans fat (%) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.85 |
Omega 3 (%) | 4.9 (3.8–6.1) | 4.9 (3.8–6.1) | 5.0 (3.9–6.2) | 0.54 |
Omega 6 (%) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.65 (0.5–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.90 |
Vitamin A (mcg/1000 kcal) | 316.1 (213.3–490.3) | 314.4 (215.3–484.4) | 319.1 (210.2–501.7) | 0.43 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.75 |
Vitamin B2 (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.1 (0.9–2.2) | 1.1 (0.9–2.3) | 1.1 (0.9–2.1) | 0.90 |
Vitamin B3 (mg/1000 kcal) | 7.5 (6.0–9.6) | 7.5 (6.0–9.6) | 7.5 (6.0–9.5) | 0.67 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.92 (0.7–1.1) | 0.85 |
Folate (mcg/1000 kcal) | 140.5 (102.6–185.1) | 141.1 (104.4–184.9) | 139.8 (101.0–186.3) | 0.50 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg/1000 kcal) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 0.76 |
Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 52.8 (22.9–100.1) | 55.9 (23.9–104.1) | 50.2 (21.6–95.4) | 0.01 |
Vitamin D (mcg/1000 kcal) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 0.52 |
Vitamin E (mg/1000 kcal) | 2.4 (1.9–3.2) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 2.4 (1.9–3.1) | 0.11 |
Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 343.4 (246.1–460.4) | 347.7 (245.4–462.1) | 336.8 (246.8–458.2) | 0.60 |
Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) | 552.3 (459.3–658.2) | 550.3 (462.1–657.3) | 556.1 (455.5–660.6) | 0.69 |
Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 125.1 (104.2–151.3) | 125.9 (104.8–151.7) | 124.2 (103.1–149.7) | 0.21 |
Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1348.8 (1114.4–1610.5) | 1345.3 (1115.1–1616.4) | 1348.8 (1111.2–1604.7) | 0.73 |
Selenium (mcg/1000 kcal) | 41.8 (31.5–54.3) | 41.9 (31.4–54.4) | 41.8 (31.7–54.1) | 0.95 |
Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 819.5 (622.2–1048.8) | 822.7 (624.7–1055.3) | 815.9 (619.7–1040.6) | 0.20 |
Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) | 5.2 (4.3–6.4) | 5.2 (4.2–6.3) | 5.3 (4.3–6.4) | 0.12 |
Manganese (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.73 |
Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 4.9 (4.1–5.9) | 4.97 (4.1–5.9) | 5.0 (4.2–5.9) | 0.47 |
Prevalence of nutrient adequacy | ||||
Total fat [% (95%CI)] 2 | 51.7 (49.9–53.3) | 51.7 (49.4–53.9) | 51.6 (49.1–54.2) | 0.51 |
Saturated fat [% (95%CI)] 2 | 56.8 (55.2–58.5) | 57.4 (55.1–59.6) | 56.2 (53.6–58.7) | 0.25 |
Trans fat [% (95%CI)] 2 | 37.8 (36.2–39.4) | 37.6 (35.5–39.8) | 38.1 (35.7–40.6) | 0.49 |
Fibers [% (95%CI)] 2 | 41.2 (39.6–42.9) | 41.4 (39.2–43.6) | 40.9 (38.4–43.4) | 0.40 |
Sodium [% (95%CI)] 2 | 70.7 (69.2–72.2) | 70.0 (67.9–72.0) | 71.7 (69.4–74.0) | 0.14 |
Potassium [% (95%CI)] 2 | 16.3 (15.1–17.6) | 16.6 (15.0–18.3) | 15.9 (14.1–17.9) | 0.32 |
Variables | CG [Median (P25–P75)] (n = 1931) | IG [Median (P25–P75)] (n = 1483) | RR (95%CI) | RR ** (95%CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Reassessment | p Value 1 | Baseline | Reassessment | p Value 1 | |||
Total energy (kcal/d) | 1369.2 (1068.3–1691.1) | 1279.0 (1072.9–1554.2) | <0.001 | 1328.6 (1046.6–1645.4) | 1241.9 (1017.3–1473.3) | <0.001 | 0.981 (0.959; 1.003) | 0.979 (0.960; 0.999) |
Protein (%) | 16.7 (14.1–19.8) | 16.8 (14.9–19.0) | 0.24 | 16.9 (14.1–20.2) | 16.9 (14.9–18.9) | 0.002 | 0.978 (0.959; 0.997) | 0.978 (0.959; 0.997) |
Carbohydrate (%) | 54.0 (48.1–59.8) | 54.5 (50.2–58.8) | 0.003 | 53.6 (48.0–59.2) | 54.5 (50.8–58.6) | <0.001 | 1.011 (0.999; 1.024) | 1.010 (0.996; 1.023) |
Fiber * | 11.7 (9.1–14.8) | 12.5 (10.2–15.1) | <0.001 | 11.5 (8.9–14.7) | 12.6 (10.4–15.1) | <0.001 | 1.018 (0.993; 1.043) | 1.013 (0.988; 1.039) |
Total fat (%) | 29.8 (24.7–34.3) | 29.5 (26.3–32.8) | 0.14 | 29.9 (24.9–34.6) | 29.4 (26.0–32.6) | 0.003 | 0.990 (0.973; 1.008) | 0.992 (0.974; 1.011) |
Saturated fat (%) | 9.5 (7.3–11.6) | 9.5 (8.1–10.8) | 0.66 | 9.5 (7.4–11.8) | 9.5 (8.0–10.8) | 0.03 | 0.994 (0.968; 1.020) | 0.991 (0.964; 1.018) |
Monounsaturated fat (%) | 9.7 (7.6–11.9) | 9.8 (8.4–11.3) | 0.86 | 9.6 (7.6–12.1) | 9.7 (8.3–11.1) | 0.04 | 0.986 (0.961; 1.012) | 0.992 (0.966; 1.018) |
Polyunsaturated fat (%) | 5.9 (4.6–7.3) | 5.9 (4.9–6.8) | 0.08 | 6.0 (4.6–7.4) | 5.8 (5.0–6.7) | <0.001 | 0.974 (0.948; 1.001) | 0.980 (0.954; 1.007) |
Trans fat (%) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 0.30 | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.76 | 0.989 (0.936; 1.045) | 1.021 (0.969; 1.076) |
Omega 3 (%) | 4.9 (3.8–6.1) | 4.8 (3.9–5.9) | 0.01 | 5.0 (3.9–6.2) | 4.9 (3.9–5.9) | <0.001 | 0.983 (0.953; 1.013) | 0.986 (0.958; 1.015) |
Omega 6 (%) | 0.65 (0.51–0.87) | 0.67 (0.51–0.86) | 0.13 | 0.65 (0.51–0.86) | 0.69 (0.52–0.88) | 0.90 | 1.030 (0.950; 1.116) | 1.029 (0.973; 1.088) |
Vitamin A * | 314.4 (215.3–484.4) | 384.1 (244.4–607.2) | <0.001 | 319.1 (210.2–501.7) | 396.9 (242.0–639.0) | <0.001 | 0.915 (0.795; 1.054) | 1.007 (0.909; 1.115) |
Vitamin B1 * | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | 0.71 (0.60–0.83) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | 0.71 (0.61–0.82) | <0.001 | 1.004 (0.983; 1.024) | 1.000 (0.979; 1.022) |
Vitamin B2 * | 1.1 (0.9–2.3) | 1.5 (1.0–8.3) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–2.1) | 1.7 (0.9–8.3) | <0.001 | 1.117 (0.926; 1.349) | 1.060 (0.914; 1.230) |
Vitamin B3 * | 7.5 (6.0–9.6) | 8.0 (6.6–9.6) | 0.017 | 7.5 (6.0–9.5) | 8.0 (6.5–9.7) | 0.01 | 1.005 (0.971; 1.040) | 1.009 (0.978; 1.042) |
Vitamin B6 * | 0.93 (0.75–1.14) | 0.98 (0.78–1.18) | 0.001 | 0.92 (0.75–1.15) | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | <0.001 | 1.029 (0.952; 1.113) | 1.019 (0.977; 1.062) |
Folate * | 141.1 (104.4–184.9) | 156.7 (124.7–194.9) | <0.001 | 139.8 (101.0–186.3) | 160.5 (124.9–199.6) | <0.001 | 1.017 (0.982; 1.053) | 1.015 (0.981; 1.050) |
Vitamin B12 * | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 2.1 (1.2–3.2) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 2.0 (1.2–3.5) | <0.001 | 0.900 (0.751; 1.079) | 1.023 (0.907; 1.154) |
Vitamin C * | 55.9 (23.9–104.1) | 78.1 (41.0–117.7) | <0.001 | 50.2 (21.6–95.4) | 77.5 (41.7–120.4) | <0.001 | 1.090 (0.992; 1.199) | 1.054 (0.976; 1.138) |
Vitamin D * | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 1.7 (0.8–3.1) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 1.6 (0.7–3.1) | 0.02 | 0.848 (0.666; 1.081) | 0.835 (0.641; 1.087) |
Vitamin E * | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 2.8 (2.1–3.6) | <0.001 | 2.4 (1.9–3.1) | 2.8 (2.1–3.7) | <0.001 | 1.057 (1.001; 1.116) | 1.020 (0.970; 1.072) |
Calcium * | 347.7 (245.4–462.1) | 364.4 (272.3–464.6) | 0.001 | 336.8 (246.8–458.2) | 356.3 (268.5–455.1) | 0.03 | 0.982 (0.953; 1.011) | 0.987 (0.958; 1.017) |
Phosphorus * | 550.3 (462.1–657.3) | 562.8 (475.2–661.9) | 0.04 | 556.1 (455.5–660.6) | 557.6 (472.2–658.1) | 0.75 | 0.977 (0.956; 0.998) | 0.981 (0.960; 1.002) |
Magnesium * | 125.9 (104.8–151.7) | 129.4 (110.3–151.5) | 0.04 | 124.2 (103.1–149.7) | 130.1 (109.8–153.4) | <0.001 | 1.008 (0.988; 1.028) | 1.005 (0.986; 1.025) |
Potassium * | 1345.3 (1115.1–1616.4) | 1413.2 (1205.3–1639.7) | <0.001 | 1348.8 (1111.2–1604.7) | 1414.1 (1183.8–1657.4) | <0.001 | 1.006 (0.988; 1.025) | 1.002 (0.983; 1.021) |
Selenium * | 41.9 (31.4–54.4) | 44.9 (34.1–58.4) | <0.001 | 41.8 (31.7–54.1) | 44.3 (32.9–57.6) | <0.001 | 0.964 (0.915; 1.016) | 0.952 (0.906; 1.001) |
Sodium * | 822.7 (624.7–1055.3) | 781.3 (621.0–961.8) | <0.001 | 815.9 (619.7–1040.6) | 778.6 (603.0–956.3) | <0.001 | 1.011 (0.975; 1.048) | 0.995 (0.963; 1.028) |
Zinc * | 5.2 (4.2–6.3) | 5.4 (4.5–6.4) | <0.001 | 5.3 (4.3–6.4) | 5.4 (4.5–6.4) | 0.04 | 0.986 (0.961; 1.011) | 0.981 (0.957; 1.006) |
Manganese * | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.4 (1.0–2.3) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.5 (1.0–2.9) | <0.001 | 0.964 (0.699; 1.329) | 1.151 (0.957; 1.384) |
Iron * | 4.97 (4.1–5.9) | 5.1 (4.3–5.9) | 0.03 | 5.0 (4.2–5.9) | 5.1 (4.4–6.1) | <0.001 | 1.010 (0.987; 1.034) | 1.006 (0.983; 1.028) |
Variables | CG [% (IC95%)] (n = 1931) | p Value 1 | IG [% (IC95%)] (n = 1483) | p Value 1 | OR (95%CI) 2 | OR (95%CI) *,2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Reassessment | Baseline | Reassessment | |||||
Total fat | 51.7 (49.4–53.9) | 54.7 (52.5–56.9) | 0.03 | 51.6 (49.1–54.2) | 55.9 (53.4–58.4) | 0.007 | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) |
Saturated fat | 57.4 (55.1–59.6) | 61.3 (59.1–63.5) | 0.005 | 56.2 (53.6–58.7) | 60.7 (58.2–63.1) | 0.005 | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) |
Trans fat | 37.6 (35.5–39.8) | 31.4 (29.3–33.5) | <0.001 | 38.1 (35.7–40.6) | 30.3 (28.0–32.7) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) |
Fibers | 41.4 (39.2–43.6) | 49.8 (47.6–52.0) | <0.001 | 40.9 (38.4–43.4) | 50.8 (48.3–53.4) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) |
Sodium | 70.0 (67.9–72.0) | 79.3 (77.5–81.1) | <0.001 | 71.7 (69.4–74.0) | 79.8 (77.7–81.8) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.77–1.16) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) |
Potassium | 16.6 (15.0–18.3) | 16.4 (14.8–18.1) | 0.88 | 15.9 (14.1–17.9) | 18.2 (16.3–20.2) | 0.04 | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 1.15 (0.91–1.43) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Campos, S.F.; Lopes, M.S.; Santos, L.C.d.; Freitas, P.P.d.; Lopes, A.C.S. Evaluation of Nutrient Consumption for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Health Promotion Services: A Controlled and Randomized Community Trial to Promote Fruits and Vegetables. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136267
Campos SF, Lopes MS, Santos LCd, Freitas PPd, Lopes ACS. Evaluation of Nutrient Consumption for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Health Promotion Services: A Controlled and Randomized Community Trial to Promote Fruits and Vegetables. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(13):6267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136267
Chicago/Turabian StyleCampos, Suellen Fabiane, Mariana Souza Lopes, Luana Caroline dos Santos, Patrícia Pinheiro de Freitas, and Aline Cristine Souza Lopes. 2023. "Evaluation of Nutrient Consumption for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Health Promotion Services: A Controlled and Randomized Community Trial to Promote Fruits and Vegetables" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 13: 6267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136267