Occupational COVID-19 Exposures and Illnesses among Workers in California—Analysis of a New Occupational COVID-19 Surveillance System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Source
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Demographic Variables
2.2.2. Work-Related Variables
2.2.3. Exposure-Related Variables
2.2.4. Health Outcome Variables
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Worker Demographics
3.2. Reporting Rates
3.3. Reported Exposures
3.4. Reported Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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All Workers N (%) | Rural–Urban Commuting Area | Worker Group Assignment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolitan N (%) | Nonmetropolitan N (%) | Public Facing N (%) | Healthcare N (%) | Other N (%) | ||
N | 2848 | 2548 | 189 | 697 | 1192 | 406 |
Age, median (IQR) | 42 (32, 51) | 42 (32, 51) | 42 (32, 51.25) | 42 (33, 49) | 40.5 (32, 53) | 44 (35, 54) |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1281 (44.98) | 1103 (43.29) | 125 (66.14) | 507 (72.74) | 335 (28.1) | 177 (43.6) |
Female | 1453 (51.02) | 1340 (52.59) | 63 (33.33) | 190 (27.26) | 848 (71.14) | 228 (56.16) |
Unknown | 114 (4) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | ꝉ | ꝉ |
Rural–Urban Commuting Area | ||||||
Metropolitan | 2548 (89.47) | 2548 (100) | – | 566 (81.21) | 1125 (94.38) | 376 (92.61) |
Nonmetropolitan | 189 (6.64) | – | 189 (100) | 86 (12.34) | 32 (2.68) | 22 (5.42) |
Unknown | 111 (3.9) | – | – | 45 (6.46) | 35 (2.94) | 8 (1.97) |
Worker Group Assignment | ||||||
Public Facing Occupation | 697 (24.47) | 566 (22.21) | 86 (45.5) | 697 (100) | – | – |
Healthcare Occupation | 1192 (41.85) | 1125 (44.15) | 32 (16.93) | – | 1192 (100) | – |
Other Occupations | 406 (14.26) | 376 (14.76) | 22 (11.64) | – | – | 406 (100) |
Unknown | 553 (19.42) | 481 (18.88) | 49 (25.93) | – | – | – |
Occupation Group * | ||||||
Architecture and Engineering | 6 (0.21) | 6 (0.24) | – | – | – | 6 (1.48) |
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maint. | 55 (1.93) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | – | 55 (13.55) |
Business and Financial Operations | 17 (0.6) | ꝉ | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | ꝉ |
Community and Social Service | 25 (0.88) | ꝉ | ꝉ | 25 (3.59) | – | – |
Construction and Extraction | 23 (0.81) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | – | 23 (5.67) |
Education, Training, and Library | 20 (0.7) | 14 (0.55) | 5 (2.65) | 20 (2.87) | – | – |
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry | 23 (0.81) | 17 (0.67) | 5 (2.65) | – | – | 23 (5.67) |
Food Preparation and Serving Related | 31 (1.09) | 23 (0.9) | 6 (3.17) | 18 (2.58) | – | 13 (3.2) |
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical | 914 (32.09) | 864 (33.91) | 23 (12.17) | – | 914 (76.68) | – |
Healthcare Support | 242 (8.5) | 226 (8.87) | 8 (4.23) | – | 242 (20.3) | – |
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair | 30 (1.05) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | – | 30 (7.39) |
Management | 56 (1.97) | ꝉ | ꝉ | 5 (0.72) | 36 (3.02) | 15 (3.69) |
Office and Administrative Support | 189 (6.64) | 175 (6.87) | 10 (5.29) | 17 (2.44) | – | 172 (42.36) |
Personal Care and Service | 10 (0.35) | 10 (0.39) | – | 10 (1.43) | – | – |
Production | 28 (0.98) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | – | 28 (6.9) |
Protective Service | 591 (20.75) | 482 (18.92) | 69 (36.51) | 588 (84.36) | – | ꝉ |
Sales and Related | 9 (0.32) | ꝉ | ꝉ | 6 (0.86) | – | ꝉ |
Transportation and Material Moving | 19 (0.67) | ꝉ | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | 15 (3.69) |
Unknown | 552 (19.38) | 480 (18.84) | 49 (25.93) | – | – | – |
Industry Group * | ||||||
Accommodation and Food Services | 17 (0.6) | ꝉ | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | 8 (1.97) |
Administrative and Support and Waste Mgmt. | 33 (1.16) | 33 (1.3) | – | ꝉ | ꝉ | 12 (2.96) |
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting | 83 (2.91) | 62 (2.43) | 18 (9.52) | 30 (4.3) | – | 28 (6.9) |
Construction | 8 (0.28) | ꝉ | – | – | – | ꝉ |
Educational Services | 42 (1.47) | 28 (1.1) | 11 (5.82) | 27 (3.87) | – | 11 (2.71) |
Healthcare and Social Assistance | 1693 (59.45) | 1606 (63.03) | 43 (22.75) | 55 (7.89) | 1141 (95.72) | 203 (50) |
Manufacturing | 16 (0.56) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | – | 5 (1.23) |
Other Services, Except Public Administration | 7 (0.25) | 7 (0.27) | – | – | – | ꝉ |
Public Administration | 778 (27.32) | 642 (25.2) | 90 (47.62) | 558 (80.06) | 45 (3.78) | 60 (14.78) |
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | 16 (0.56) | 16 (0.63) | – | – | – | ꝉ |
Retail Trade | 20 (0.7) | ꝉ | ꝉ | 5 (0.72) | – | 9 (2.22) |
Transportation and Warehousing | 25 (0.88) | ꝉ | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | 15 (3.69) |
Utilities | 49 (1.72) | ꝉ | ꝉ | – | ꝉ | 37 (9.11) |
Unknown | 44 (1.54) | 18 (0.71) | 15 (7.94) | 9 (1.29) | ꝉ | ꝉ |
Rural–Urban Commuting Area | Worker Group Assignment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Workers N (%) | Metropolitan N (%) | Nonmetropolitan N (%) | Public Facing N (%) | Healthcare N (%) | Other N (%) | |
N | 2848 | 2548 | 189 | 697 | 1192 | 406 |
Exposures | ||||||
Suspected Source | ||||||
Patient | 540 (18.96) | 516 (20.25) | 11 (5.82) | 36 (5.16) | 427 (35.82) | 51 (12.56) |
Client/Customer | 240 (8.43) | 208 (8.16) | 10 (5.29) | 152 (21.81) | 63 (5.29) | 14 (3.45) |
Coworker | 324 (11.38) | 284 (11.15) | 29 (15.34) | 132 (18.94) | 66 (5.54) | 81 (19.95) |
Personal | 50 (1.76) | 46 (1.81) | ꝉ | 8 (1.15) | 24 (2.01) | 11 (2.71) |
Not Stated | 1739 (61.06) | 1534 (60.2) | 139 (73.54) | 400 (57.39) | 627 (52.6) | 247 (60.84) |
Unknown to Patient | 46 (1.62) | 43 (1.69) | ꝉ | 10 (1.43) | 18 (1.51) | 12 (2.96) |
Exposure Site/Worksite * | ||||||
Institution | 2249 (78.97) | 2040 (80.06) | 121 (64.02) | 459 (65.85) | 1177 (98.74) | 239 (58.87) |
Commercial Facility, Non-Mfg. | 90 (3.16) | 83 (3.26) | 5 (2.65) | 13 (1.87) | – | 52 (12.81) |
Other | 56 (1.97) | 46 (1.81) | 8 (4.23) | 30 (4.3) | 2 (0.17) | 14 (3.45) |
Agricultural | 23 (0.81) | 17 (0.67) | 5 (2.65) | 2 (0.29) | – | 14 (3.45) |
Manufacturing | 13 (0.46) | 13 (0.51) | – | 1 (0.14) | – | 6 (1.48) |
More than One Site | 5 (0.18) | ꝉ | ꝉ | 2 (0.29) | 3 (0.25) | – |
Unknown | 411 (14.43) | 344 (13.5) | 49 (25.93) | 189 (27.12) | 10 (0.84) | 81 (19.95) |
Type of Care for DFR | ||||||
Doctor’s Office | 1036 (36.38) | 858 (33.67) | 118 (62.43) | 333 (47.78) | 326 (27.35) | 135 (33.25) |
Emergency Department | 530 (18.61) | 513 (20.13) | 12 (6.35) | 34 (4.88) | 286 (23.99) | 90 (22.17) |
Hospital Admission | 8 (0.28) | 8 (0.31) | – | 4 (0.57) | 3 (0.25) | – |
No Medical Care Sought | 8 (0.28) | 8 (0.31) | – | 6 (0.86) | – | 2 (0.49) |
Employee Health Center | 188 (6.6) | 175 (6.87) | 10 (5.29) | 6 (0.86) | 133 (11.16) | 22 (5.42) |
Telemedicine | 995 (34.94) | 916 (35.95) | 39 (20.63) | 297 (42.61) | 423 (35.49) | 141 (34.73) |
Unknown | 83 (2.91) | 70 (2.75) | 10 (5.29) | 17 (2.44) | 21 (1.76) | 16 (3.94) |
Outcomes | ||||||
Any Symptoms | ||||||
Yes | 1932 (67.84) | 1727 (67.78) | 118 (62.43) | 516 (74.03) | 802 (67.28) | 281 (69.21) |
None Reported | 916 (32.16) | 821 (32.22) | 71 (37.57) | 181 (25.97) | 390 (32.72) | 125 (30.79) |
Hospitalized ** | ||||||
Yes | 110 (3.86) | 85 (3.34) | 14 (7.41) | 47 (6.74) | 33 (2.77) | 17 (4.19) |
No | 2738 (96.14) | 2463 (96.66) | 175 (92.59) | 650 (93.26) | 1159 (97.23) | 389 (95.81) |
Lost Work | ||||||
Yes | 1525 (53.55) | 1322 (51.88) | 122 (64.55) | 559 (80.2) | 538 (45.13) | 226 (55.67) |
No | 338 (11.87) | 312 (12.24) | 17 (8.99) | 38 (5.45) | 226 (18.96) | 62 (15.27) |
Unknown | 985 (34.59) | 914 (35.87) | 50 (26.46) | 100 (14.35) | 428 (35.91) | 118 (29.06) |
Lost Work Reason | ||||||
Due to Illness/Symptoms | 1365 (47.93) | 1181 (46.35) | 109 (57.67) | 491 (70.44) | 469 (39.35) | 209 (51.48) |
Quarantine or Asymptomatic *** | 160 (5.62) | 141 (5.53) | 13 (6.88) | 68 (9.76) | 69 (5.79) | 17 (4.19) |
No Lost Time | 338 (11.87) | 312 (12.24) | 17 (8.99) | 38 (5.45) | 226 (18.96) | 62 (15.27) |
Unknown | 985 (34.59) | 914 (35.87) | 50 (26.46) | 100 (14.35) | 428 (35.91) | 118 (29.06) |
Lost Time Amount **** | ||||||
<10 days | 472 (16.57) | 418 (16.41) | 29 (15.34) | 219 (31.42) | 139 (11.66) | 56 (13.79) |
≥10 days | 592 (20.79) | 507 (19.9) | 47 (24.87) | 214 (30.7) | 215 (18.04) | 92 (22.66) |
Lost Work but Unknown Amount | 461 (16.19) | 397 (15.58) | 46 (24.34) | 126 (18.08) | 184 (15.44) | 78 (19.21) |
Unknown | 985 (34.59) | 914 (35.87) | 50 (26.46) | 100 (14.35) | 428 (35.91) | 118 (29.06) |
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Bui, D.P.; Gibb, K.; Fiellin, M.; Rodriguez, A.; Majka, C.; Espineli, C.; Gebreegziabher, E.; Flattery, J.; Vergara, X.P. Occupational COVID-19 Exposures and Illnesses among Workers in California—Analysis of a New Occupational COVID-19 Surveillance System. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136307
Bui DP, Gibb K, Fiellin M, Rodriguez A, Majka C, Espineli C, Gebreegziabher E, Flattery J, Vergara XP. Occupational COVID-19 Exposures and Illnesses among Workers in California—Analysis of a New Occupational COVID-19 Surveillance System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(13):6307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136307
Chicago/Turabian StyleBui, David Pham, Kathryn Gibb, Martha Fiellin, Andrea Rodriguez, Claire Majka, Carolina Espineli, Elisabeth Gebreegziabher, Jennifer Flattery, and Ximena P. Vergara. 2023. "Occupational COVID-19 Exposures and Illnesses among Workers in California—Analysis of a New Occupational COVID-19 Surveillance System" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 13: 6307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136307