Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for the Studies
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Assessment of Methodological Quality and Risk of Bias
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Study | Participants | Exercise/Sport (Bone Site) | BMD (g/cm2) | Methodological Quality | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athlete | Control | Points | |||
Classification | |||||
Bellver et al. | 204 elite female athletes | Swimming (FN) | 0.994 ± 0.100 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | 4 |
and 126 controls | Synchronized Swimming (FN) | 1.103 ± 0.090 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | Moderate | |
(21.5 ± 4.6 years). | Water Polo (FN) | 1.172 ± 0.120 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | quality | |
Soccer (FN) | 1.240 ± 0.140 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | |||
Field Hockey (FN) | 1.155 ± 0.110 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | |||
Volleyball (FN) | 1.272 ± 0.140 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | |||
Swimming (Tr) | 0.811 ± 0.08 | 0.677 ± 0.13 | |||
Synchronized Swimming (Tr) | 0.865 ± 0.11 | 0.677 ± 0.13 | |||
Water Polo (Tr) | 0.889 ± 0.08 | 0.677 ± 0.13 | |||
Soccer (Tr) | 1.039 ± 0.14 | 0.677 ± 0.13 | |||
Field Hockey (Tr) | 1.030 ± 0.09 | 0.677 ± 0.13 | |||
Volleyball (Tr) | 1.048 ± 0.11 | 0.677 ± 0.13 | |||
Swimming (P) | 1.019 ± 0.110 | 0.924 ± 0.100 | |||
Synchronized Swimming (P) | 0.991 ± 0.100 | 0.924 ± 0.100 | |||
Water Polo (P) | 1.149 ± 0.060 | 0.924 ± 0.100 | |||
Soccer (P) | 1.231 ± 0.130 | 0.924 ± 0.100 | |||
Field Hockey (P) | 1.185 ± 0.160 | 0.924 ± 0.100 | |||
Volleyball (P) | 1.184 ± 0.120 | 0.924 ± 0.100 | |||
Swimming (L3–L4) | 1.161 ± 0.140 | 1.057 ± 0.160 | |||
Synchronized Swimming (L3–L4) | 1.107 ± 0.110 | 1.057 ± 0.160 | |||
Water Polo (L3–L4) | 1.265 ± 0.090 | 1.057 ± 0.160 | |||
Soccer (L3–L4) | 1.341 ± 0.160 | 1.057 ± 0.160 | |||
Field Hockey (L3–L4) | 1.258 ± 0.100 | 1.057 ± 0.160 | |||
Volleyball (L3–L4) | 1.431 ± 0.180 | 1.057 ± 0.160 | |||
Lees et al. | 26 elite male fast bowlers and 26 | Cricket Fast bowlers (FN) | 2.138 ± 0.185 | 1.715 ± 0.232 | 4 |
normally active controls | Cricket Fast bowlers (Tr) | 1.811 ± 0.161 | 1.469 ± 0.219 | Moderate | |
(24.3 ± 4.2 years) | quality | ||||
Tam | 15 elite male Kenyan runners | Running (FN) | 0.945 ± 0.166 | 0.927 ± 0.135 | 4 |
et al. | (24.4 ± 4.7 years) and 23 controls | Running (PF) | 1.265 ± 0.184 | 1.074 ± 0.145 | Moderate |
(29.0 ± 4.1 years) | Running (LS) | 1.009 ± 0.166 | 1.040 ± 0.116 | quality | |
Hind | 52 male rugby players | Rugby (FN) | 1.325 ± 0.200 | 1.178 ± 0.200 | 4 |
et al. | (26.6 ± 4.4 years) and 32 | Rugby (TH) | 1.442 ± 0.200 | 1.195 ± 0.200 | Moderate |
controls (25.0 ± 3.9 years). | quality | ||||
Piasecki | 15 female long-distance runners | Running (P) | 1.140 ± 0.020 | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 5 |
et al. | (eumenorrheic) and non-athletic | Running (L3–L4) | 1.16 0± 0.030 | 1.19 ± 0.03 | Good |
controls (n = 15) (17 ± 42 years) | quality | ||||
Bolam | 30 male boxers (30.1 ± 6.4 years), | Boxing (TH) | 1.045 ± 0.134 | 1.059 ± 0.124 | 5 |
et al. | and 32 non-boxing active | Boxing (LS) | 1.131 ± 0.128 | 1.131 ± 0.124 | Good |
controls (30.7 ± 6.1 years) | quality | ||||
McCormack | 60 runners (age): 27 male (age 19.7 | Male Runners (FN) | 0.934 ± 0.031 | 0.866 ± 0.280 | 4 |
et al. | ± 1.2) and 33 female (age 20.3 ± | Female Runners (FN) | 0.921 ± 0.024 | 0.910 ± 0.300 | Moderate |
1.8); 47 Control: 23 male (age 20.0 | Male Runners (TH) | 1.062 ± 0.03 | 0.959 ± 0.028 | quality | |
± 0.8) and 24 female (age 19.8 ± 0.6) | Female Runners (TH) | 1.039 ± 0.024 | 1.024 ± 0.03 | ||
Male Runners (S-M) | 0.912 ± 0.029 | 0.923 ± 0.026 | |||
Female Runners (S-W) | 1.002 ± 0.023 | 1.046 ± 0.028 | |||
Sagayama | 33 college athletes (aged 18 ± 22) | Wrestler (Legs) | 1.422 ± 0.09 | 1.279 ± 0.100 | 4 |
et al. | years): 11 male wrestlers, 9 judo, | Judo (Legs) | 1.346 ± 0.086 | 1.279 ± 0.100 | Moderate |
13 endurance athletes, | Endurance Exercise (Legs) | 1.262 ± 0.097 | 1.279 ± 0.100 | quality | |
and 8 control |
Study | Participants | Exercises/Sport (Bone Site) | BMD (g/cm2) | Methodological Quality | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Training | Post-Training | Points Classification | |||
Caruso et al. | 13 healthy subjects, 2 men and 11 women (29.4 ± 12 years). Study Time: 30 training sessions in 70 ± 6.3 days (range 58–84 days. 30 healthy women (22 ± 2 years). Study Time: 12 weeks | Inertial Exercise Trainer (FN-Le) Inertial Exercise Trainer (FN-Ri) Inertial Exercise Trainer (Tr-Le) Inertial Exercise Trainer (Tr-Ri) Inertial Exercise Trainer (ITr-Le) Inertial Exercise Trainer (ITr-Ri) Inertial Exercise Trainer (DF-Le) Inertial Exercise Trainer (DF-Ri) Inertial Exercise Trainer (W-Le) Inertial Exercise Trainer (W-Ri) Inertial Exercise Trainer (TH-Le) Inertial Exercise Trainer (TH-Ri) | 0.990 ± 0.180 0.990 ± 0.110 0.810 ± 0.110 0.800 ± 0.090 1.270 ± 0.180 1.240 ± 0.110 1.190 ± 0.110 1.180 ± 0.180 1.000 ± 0.300 1.000 ± 0.300 1.070 ± 0.110 1.060 ± 0.110 | 1.010 ± 0.180 0.990 ± 0.180 0.820 ± 0.090 0.810 ± 0.090 1.270 ± 0.180 1.270 ± 0.110 1.220 ± 0.180 1.160 ± 0.180 1.000 ± 0.200 1.000 ± 0.300 1.080 ± 0.110 1.070 ± 0.110 | 5 Good quality |
Mosti et al. | 14 healthy male professional soccer players (17.5 ± 0.8 years). Study Time: 27 weeks | HA strength training (FN) HA, maximal strength training (Tr) HA maximal strength training (ITr) HA, maximal strength training (TH) HA maximal strength training (LS) | 0.851 ± 0.086 0.747 ± 0.054 1.149 ± 0.103 0.977 ± 0.081 1.023 ± 0.073 | 0.863 ± 0.092 0.747 ± 0.059 1.138 ± 0.100 0.967 ± 0.079 1.002 ± 0.081 | 4 Moderate quality |
Suarez-Arrones et al. | EOT in elite soccer players (Leg-Le) EOT in elite soccer players (Leg-Ri) EOT in elite soccer players (P) EOT in elite soccer players (TS) | 1.410 ± 0.080 1.400 ± 0.090 1.600 ± 0.210 1.230 ± 0.220 | 1.380 ± 0.080 1.360 ± 0.080 1.540 ± 0.210 1.220 ± 0.190 | 5 Good quality | |
Feito et al. Kurgan et al. Fristrup et al. | 26 recreationally active adult men (n = 9, 34.2 ± 9.1 years) and women (n = 17, 36.4 ± 7.9 years). Study Time: 16 weeks 15 elite women heavyweight rowers (27.0 ± 0.8 years). Study Time: 42 weeks 28 Recreationally Handball training 14 men and 14 women age (24.1 ± 2.6 years). Study Time: 12 weeks | High Intensity functional training: Multimodal exercises (Leg-W) High Intensity functional training: Multimodal exercises (Leg-M) Heavy-weight row (P) Heavy-weight row (LS) Recreationally Handball training (TH) | 1.250 ± 0.090 1.530 ± 0.090 1.260 ± 0.030 1.230 ± 0.030 1.099 ± 0.115 | 1.250 ± 0.090 1.510 ± 0.080 1.220 ± 0.030 1.200 ± 0.030 1.117 ± 0.115 | 4 Moderate quality 5 Good quality 7 Excellent quality |
Infantino et al. | 21 male and 18 distance females Runners (19.5 ± 0.8 years). Study Time: 12 months | DR (TH-M) DR (TH-F) DR (FN-M) DR (FN-F) DR (Sl-M) DR (Sl-F) DR (Spa-M) DR (Spa-F) | 1.065 ± 0.037 1.057 ± 0.033 0.944 ± 0.039 0.930 ± 0.035 0.783 ± 0.025 0.736 ± 0.022 0.956 ± 0.029 0.970 ± 0.026 | 1.089± 0.035 1.037 ± 0.032 0.942 ± 0.036 0.919 ± 0.032 0.817 ± 0.024 0.723 ± 0.022 0.984 ± 0.028 0.955 ± 0.025 | 4 Moderate quality |
4. Discussion
4.1. Evidence of BMD Alteration According to Exercise and Sport Involvement
4.2. Evidence of BMD Alteration after Different Interventions Planned with Exercise and Sport
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oliveira, T.P.; Espada, M.C.; Massini, D.A.; Robalo, R.A.M.; Almeida, T.A.F.; Hernández-Beltrán, V.; Gamonales, J.M.; Castro, E.A.; Pessôa Filho, D.M. Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156537
Oliveira TP, Espada MC, Massini DA, Robalo RAM, Almeida TAF, Hernández-Beltrán V, Gamonales JM, Castro EA, Pessôa Filho DM. Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(15):6537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156537
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Thiago P., Mário C. Espada, Danilo A. Massini, Ricardo A. M. Robalo, Tiago A. F. Almeida, Víctor Hernández-Beltrán, José M. Gamonales, Eliane A. Castro, and Dalton M. Pessôa Filho. 2023. "Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 15: 6537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156537