Determinants of Health Care Needs in Relation to Vision Correction among Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- What is the prevalence of health care needs in relation to vision correction among adolescents from the UAE based on self-reported symptoms?
- (2)
- What sociodemographic, behavioral, and physical factors are associated with health care needs in relation to vision correction among adolescents from the UAE?
- (3)
- Are the health care needs in relation to vision correction affecting the functional capacity of high school students in the UAE?
- (4)
- How do the prevalence and determinants of health care needs in relation to vision correction among high school students in the UAE compare to the existing evidence?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Ethical Approval
2.2. Population and Sampling
2.3. Measurement Tools
2.4. Study Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Findings from the Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Findings from the Bivariate Analysis
3.2.1. Demographic Factors
- Whole sample
- Biological sex-based analysis
3.2.2. Socioeconomic Factors
- Whole sample
- Biological sex-based analysis
3.2.3. Behavior and Lifestyle Factors
- Whole sample
- Biological sex-based analysis
3.2.4. Health Care and Functional Capacity
3.3. Findings from the Multivariate Analysis
- Whole sample
- Male analysis
- Female analysis
3.4. Assessing the Daily Functional Capacity—Flow Chart
- (1)
- Number of adolescents reporting needing vision correction in each emirate;
- (2)
- Within each emirate, how many adolescents needing vision correction visited (yes)/did not visit (no) an eye specialist in the past year;
- (3)
- Among adolescents visiting (yes)/not visiting (no) an eye specialist in the past year, how many reported good to excellent or poor to fair academic functional capacity.
4. Discussion
4.1. Prevalence and Determinants of Self-Reported Vision Correction Needs
4.2. Visiting an Eye Specialist in the Past Year
4.3. Daily Functional Capacity
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Health Determinant | Variables |
---|---|
Demographic | 1. Sex |
2. Age | |
3. Ethnicity (Nationality): i. The UAE ii. Other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Kuwait, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, and Yemen) iii. Other Middle East Arab countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, North Africa, Yemen, and Somalia) iv. South East Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Indonesia) v. Western countries (Europe, the USA, Canada, and Australia) vi. Others and no nationality | |
4. Location of Residence (Emirate): i. Abu Dhabi ii. Ajman iii. Dubai iv. Fujairah v. Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) vi. Sharjah vii. Umm Al Quwain (UAQ) | |
Socioeconomic | 5. Parental marital status. This has two categories: married and separated/divorced/widowed/others |
6. Paternal education | |
7. Maternal education | |
Both variables 6 and 7 have two categories: did not complete high school and completed high school | |
8. Paternal employment status | |
9. Maternal employment status | |
Both variables 8 and 9 have four categories: government employee, private employee, self-employed, and not employed/retired | |
10. Residential ownership (own, rent) | |
11. Household income. This is a two-level categorical variable of those reporting a monthly household income of less than 15,000 AED (United Arab Emirates Dirham) and those reporting a household monthly income of 15,000 AED and above | |
12. Number of individuals in residence | |
Behaviour and Lifestyle | 13. Duration of use of television (hours/day) |
14. Duration of use of computer/video display games (hours/day) | |
15. Duration of use of mobile phones (hours/day) | |
For variables 13, 14, and 15, there are three categories of less than 1/NA hours, 1 to 4, and 5 or more | |
16. Screen time use (combined use of television and computer/video games). There are four categories of minimal (0 to 5), mild (2 to 8), moderate (5 to 9), and high (10 or more) | |
17. Pursuing at least one outdoor activity | |
Functional capacity | 18. Ability to handle daily work or school responsibilities |
Health care | 19. Visiting an eye specialist in the past 12 months |
Variable | n | Values | Male n (%) | Female n (%) | n Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological sex | 6359 | Male | 2826 (44.4) | ||
Female | 3533 (55.6) | ||||
Age | 6144 | (mean/SD) | 17 years mean; SD: 1.228 | 16 years mean; 1.157 | 17 years mean; SD: 1.195 |
Nationality | 6329 | UAE | 1233 (44.4) | 1855 (53.0) | 3127 (49.4) |
Other GCC countries | 228 (8.2) | 127 (3.6) | 360 (5.7) | ||
Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, North Africa, Yemen, and Somalia | 864 (31.1) | 764 (21.8) | 1632 (25.8) | ||
South East Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Indonesia) | 366 (13.2) | 634 (18.1) | 1006 (15.9) | ||
Europe, Canada, USA, and Australia | 30 (1.2) | 51 (1.6 | 82 (1.3) | ||
Others and no nationality | 54 (1.9) | 68 (1.9) | 122 (1.9) | ||
Location of Residence (Emirate) | 5392 | Abu Dhabi | 1190 (52.4) | 1244 (41.2) | 2532 (47.0) |
Ajman | 162 (7.0) | 153 (5.0) | 315 (5.8) | ||
Dubai | 159 (7.0) | 378 (12.5) | 537 (10.0) | ||
Fujairah | 79 (3.5) | 301 (10.0) | 380 (7.0) | ||
Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) | 158 (7.0) | 452 (15.0) | 610 (11.3) | ||
Sharjah | 495 (21.8) | 404 (13.3) | 899 (16.7) | ||
Umm Al Quwain (UAQ) | 29 (1.3) | 90 (3.0) | 119 (2.2) | ||
Parental marital status | 6277 | Married | 2443 (88.6) | 3073 (87.8) | 5535 (88.2) |
Separate/Divorced, Widowed, Others | 313 (11.4) | 426 (12.2) | 742 (11.8) | ||
Paternal education level | 5178 | Did Not Complete High School | 957 (42.5) | 1192 (41.7) | 2185 (42.2) |
Completed High School | 1293 (57.5) | 1668 (58.3) | 2993 (57.8) | ||
Maternal education level | 5210 | Did Not Complete High School | 1144 (51.0) | 1481 (51.1) | 2664 (51.1) |
Completed High School | 1097 (49.0) | 1420 (48.9) | 2546 (48.9) | ||
Paternal employment status | 5324 | Government employee | 1227 (52.1) | 1236 (42.7) | 2496 (46.9) |
Private employee | 510 (21.6) | 698 (24.1) | 1222 (23.0) | ||
Self-employed | 286 (12.1) | 444 (15.3) | 739 (13.9) | ||
Not employed/Retired | 334 (14.2) | 519 (17.9) | 867 (16.2) | ||
Maternal employment status | 5453 | Government employee | 224 (9.4) | 292 (9.8) | 529 (9.7) |
Private employee | 163 (6.8) | 230 (7.7) | 397 (7.3) | ||
Self-employed | 67 (2.8) | 77 (2.6) | 147 (2.7) | ||
Not employed | 1940 (81.0) | 2388 (79.9) | 4380 (80.3) | ||
Residential ownership | 5348 | Own | 1145 (48.4) | 1544 (53.0) | 2733 (51.1) |
Rent | 1223 (51.6) | 1371 (47.0) | 2615 (48.9) | ||
Number of individuals in residence | 5068 | (mean/SD) | 8.60 (4.54) | 8.88 (4.63) | 8.74/4.59 |
Household monthly income | 3940 | Less than 15,000 | 1355 (76.2) | 1545 (73.0) | 2936 (74.5) |
15,000 and Above | 423 (23.8) | 571 (27.0) | 1004 (25.5) | ||
Television—h/day | 6145 | Less than 1/NA | 595 (22.3) | 747 (22.0) | 1364 (22.2) |
1 to 4 | 1440 (54.0) | 1756 (51.7) | 3238 (52.7) | ||
5 or more | 632 (23.7) | 891 (26.3) | 1543 (25.1) | ||
Computer/Video-display games—h/day | 6176 | Less than 1/NA | 774 (28.9) | 1108 (32.4) | 1908 (30.9) |
1 to 4 | 1191 (44.5) | 1147 (43.3) | 2703 (43.8) | ||
5 or more | 713 (26.6) | 831 (24.3) | 1565 (25.3) | ||
Mobile phone—h/day | 6252 | Less than 1/NA | 1202 (44.2) | 2356 (68.4) | 3956 (57.6) |
1 to 4 | 827 (30.4) | 697 (20.2) | 1553 (24.8) | ||
5 or more | 693 (25.4) | 392 (11.4) | 1103 (17.6) | ||
Screen time—h/day | 6061 | Minimal | 877 (33.4) | 1163 (34.6) | 2071 (34.2) |
Mild | 758 (28.9) | 898 (26.7) | 1680 (27.7) | ||
Moderate | 650 (24.8) | 890 (26.5) | 1552 (25.6) | ||
High | 337 (12.9) | 407 (12.2) | 758 (12.5) | ||
Outdoor physical activity | 6359 | No outdoor physical activity | 536 (19.0) | 1173 (33.2) | 1709 (26.9) |
At least 1 outdoor physical activity | 2290 (81.0) | 2360 (66.8) | 4650 (73.1) | ||
Visiting an eye specialist in past year | 6309 | No | 2496 (91.9) | 2983 (84.9) | 5555 (88.0) |
Yes | 219 (8.1) | 529 (15.1) | 754 (12.0) | ||
Handling daily work/school responsibilities | 6272 | Good to Excellent | 2463 (89.4) | 3033 (88.4) | 5567 (88.8) |
Poor to Fair | 292 (10.6) | 399 (11.6) | 705 (11.2) | ||
See well enough to read without the use of corrective lenses | 6392 | Yes | 2099 (75.2) | 2399 (68.3) | 4561 (71.4) |
No | 694 (24.8) | 1112 (31.7) | 1831 (28.6) |
Variable | Reference | Sees Well Enough to Read without Use of Corrective Lenses | Does Not See Well Enough to Read without Use of Corrective Lenses/Needed Vision Correction | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biological sex (%) | Male | 75.20 | 24.80 | <0.001 |
Female | 61.30 | 31.70 | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | Mean: 17 | Mean: 17 | <0.05 | |
Nationality (%) | UAE | 73.20 | 26.70 | <0.001 |
Other GCC countries | 76.30 | 23.70 | <0.001 | |
Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, North Africa, Yemen, and Somalia | 71.90 | 28.10 | <0.001 | |
South East Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Indonesia) | 62.00 | 38.00 | <0.001 | |
Europe, Canada, USA, and Australia | 67.90 | 32.10 | <0.001 | |
Others and No Nationality | 81.00 | 19.00 | <0.001 | |
Location of Residence (Emirate) (%) | Abu Dhabi | 72.90 | 27.10 | <0.001 |
Ajman | 92.40 | 7.60 | <0.001 | |
Dubai | 47.50 | 52.50 | <0.001 | |
Fujairah | 23.2 | 76.80 | <0.001 | |
Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) | 95.10 | 4.90 | <0.001 | |
Sharjah | 78.90 | 21.10 | <0.001 | |
Umm Al Quwain (UAQ) | 31.50 | 68.5 | <0.001 | |
Parental marital status (%) | Married | 71.60 | 28.40 | |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed, Other | 69.70 | 30.30 | ||
Paternal education level (%) | Did not complete high school | 75.80 | 24.20 | <0.001 |
Completed high school | 69.50 | 30.50 | <0.001 | |
Maternal education level (%) | Did not complete high school | 75.00 | 25.00 | <0.001 |
Completed high school | 68.80 | 31.20 | <0.001 | |
Paternal employment status (%) | Government employee | 73.80 | 26.20 | <0.001 |
Private employee | 67.10 | 32.90 | <0.001 | |
Self employed | 70.20 | 29.80 | <0.001 | |
Not employed/retired | 74.00 | 26.00 | <0.001 | |
Maternal employment status (%) | Government employee | 70.00 | 30.00 | <0.05 |
Private employee | 65.80 | 34.20 | <0.05 | |
Self employed | 73.10 | 26.90 | <0.05 | |
Not employed | 72.70 | 27.30 | <0.05 | |
Residential ownership (%) | Own | 74.70 | 25.30 | <0.001 |
Rent | 69.20 | 30.80 | <0.001 | |
# of people in residence | Mean: 8.94 | Mean: 8.24 | ||
Household monthly income (%) | Less than 15,000 AED | 73.20 | 26.80 | |
15,000 AED and above | 68.20 | 31.80 | <0.05 | |
Television—hrs/day (%) | Less than 1/NA | 71.70 | 28.30 | |
1 to 4 | 72.00 | 28.00 | ||
5 or more | 70.00 | 30.00 | ||
Computer/Video-display games—hrs/day (%) | Less than 1/NA | 72.10 | 27.90 | |
1 to 4 | 71.90 | 28.10 | ||
5 or more | 69.90 | 30.10 | ||
Mobile phone—hrs/day (%) | Less than 1/NA | 71.10 | 28.90 | |
1 to 4 | 71.30 | 28.70 | ||
5 or more | 72.10 | 27.90 | ||
Screen time—hrs/day (%) | Minimal | 72.30 | 27.70 | 0.10 |
Mild | 72.80 | 27.20 | 0.10 | |
Moderate | 69.30 | 30.70 | 0.10 | |
High | 70.50 | 29.50 | 0.10 | |
Outdoor physical activity (%) | No outdoor physical activity | 71.80 | 28.20 | |
At least one outdoor physical activity | 71.20 | 28.80 | ||
Eye specialist in last year (%) | No | 75.50 | 24.50 | <0.001 |
Yes | 40.60 | 59.40 | <0.001 | |
Handling daily work/school responsibilities (%) | Good to excellent | 72.50 | 27.50 | <0.001 |
Poor to fair | 65.00 | 35.00 | <0.001 |
Variable | Reference | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sees Well Enough to Read without Use of Corrective Lenses | Does Not See Well Enough to Read without Use of Corrective Lenses | p-Value | Sees Well Enough to Read without Use of Corrective Lenses | Does Not See Well Enough to Read without Use of Corrective Lenses | p-Value | ||
Biological sex (%) | 75.20 | 24.80 | <0.001 | 61.30 | 31.70 | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | Ave: 16 | Ave: 16 | Ave: 16 | Ave: 16 | 0.1 or less | ||
# ppl in residence | Ave: 8.71 | Ave: 8.12 | Ave: 9.13 | Ave: 9.13 | |||
Nationality (%) | UAE | 77.40 | 22.60 | <0.05 | 70.40 | 29.60 | <0.001 |
Other GCC countries | 74.80 | 25.20 | <0.05 | 79.50 | 20.50 | <0.001 | |
Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, North Africa, Yemen, and Somalia | 74.00 | 26.00 | <0.05 | 69.50 | 30.50 | <0.001 | |
South East Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Indonesia) | 69.40 | 30.60 | <0.05 | 57.80 | 42.20 | <0.001 | |
Europe, Canada, USA, and Australia | 76.70 | 23.30 | <0.05 | 62.00 | 38.0 | <0.001 | |
Others and No nationality | 81.50 | 18.50 | <0.05 | 80.60 | 19.40 | <0.001 | |
Location of Residence (Emirate) (%) | Abu Dhabi | 77.30 | 22.70 | <0.001 | 68.90 | 31.10 | <0.001 |
Ajman | 88.30 | 11.70 | <0.001 | 96.70 | 3.30 | <0.001 | |
Dubai | 99.40 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 25.70 | 74.30 | <0.001 | |
Fujairah | 5.10 | 94.90 | <0.001 | 27.90 | 72.1 | <0.001 | |
Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) | 81.60 | 18.40 | <0.001 | 99.80 | 0.20 | <0.001 | |
Sharjah | 70.60 | 29.40 | <0.001 | 89.10 | 10.90 | <0.001 | |
Umm Al Quwain (UAQ) | 20.00 | 80.00 | <0.001 | 34.90 | 65.10 | <0.001 | |
Parental marital status (%) | Married | 75.50 | 24.50 | <0.001 | 68.50 | 31.50 | <0.001 |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed, Other | 73.40 | 26.60 | 67.10 | 32.90 | |||
Paternal educational level (%) | Did not complete high school | 79.20 | 20.80 | <0.05 | 73.00 | 27.00 | <0.001 |
Completed high school | 74.30 | 25.70 | <0.05 | 65.80 | 34.20 | <0.001 | |
Maternal educational level (%) | Did not complete high school | 79.10 | 20.90 | <0.05 | 71.70 | 28.30 | <0.001 |
Completed high school | 73.80 | 26.20 | <0.05 | 64.80 | 35.20 | <0.001 | |
Paternal employment status (%) | Government employee | 77.70 | 22.30 | 70.00 | 30.00 | <0.001 | |
Private employee | 72.40 | 27.60 | 63.10 | 36.90 | <0.001 | ||
Self employed | 74.20 | 25.80 | 67.60 | 32.40 | <0.001 | ||
Not employed/retired | 75.50 | 24.50 | 73.10 | 26.90 | <0.001 | ||
Maternal employment status (%) | Government employee | 70.10 | 29.90 | 69.40 | 30.60 | <0.05 | |
Private employee | 75.20 | 24.80 | 59.60 | 40.40 | <0.05 | ||
Self employed | 77.60 | 22.40 | 68.40 | 31.60 | <0.05 | ||
Not employed | 76.60 | 23.40 | 69.40 | 30.60 | <0.05 | ||
Residential Ownership (%) | Own | 78.40 | 21.60 | <0.05 | 71.70 | 28.30 | <0.001 |
Rent | 73.70 | 26.30 | <0.05 | 65.30 | 34.70 | <0.001 | |
Household Monthly Income (%) | Less than 15,000 AED | 76.10 * | 23.90 * | 0.1 or less | 70.50 | 29.50 | <0.05 |
15,000 AED and above | 72.10 * | 27.90 * | 0.1 or less | 65.10 | 34.90 | <0.05 | |
Television—hrs/day (%) | Less than 1/NA | 75.70 | 24.30 | 68.70 | 31.30 | ||
1 to 4 | 75.10 | 24.90 | 69.50 | 30.50 | |||
5 or more | 75.80 | 24.20 | 66.10 | 33.90 | |||
Computer/Video games—hrs/day (%) | Less than 1/NA | 76.60 | 23.40 | 69.10 | 30.90 | ||
1 to 4 | 75.00 | 25.00 | 69.30 | 30.70 | |||
5 or more | 74.90 | 25.10 | 65.90 | 34.10 | |||
Mobile phone—hrs/day (%) | Less than 1/NA | 73.30 | 26.70 | 70.00 * | 30.00 * | 0.1 or less | |
1 to 4 | 76.10 | 23.90 | 65.50 * | 34.50 * | 0.1 or less | ||
5 or more | 77.20 | 22.80 | 63.60 * | 36.40 * | 0.1 or less | ||
Screen time—hrs/day (%) | Minimal | 75.70 | 24.30 | 69.70 | 30.30 | ||
Mild | 76.30 | 23.70 | 69.60 | 30.40 | |||
Moderate | 72.80 | 27.20 | 66.90 | 33.10 | |||
High | 78.00 | 22.00 | 64.90 | 35.10 | |||
Outdoor physical activity (%) | No outdoor physical activity | 75.00 | 25.00 | 70.20 | 29.80 | <0.001 | |
At least one outdoor physical activity | 75.20 | 24.80 | 67.40 | 32.60 | <0.001 | ||
Eye specialist in last year (%) | No | 77.80 | 22.20 | <0.001 | 73.50 | 26.5 | <0.001 |
Yes | 45.40 | 54.60 | <0.001 | 38.60 | 61.40 | <0.001 | |
Handling daily work/school responsibility (%) | Good to excellent | 76.20 | 23.80 | <0.05 | 69.50 | 30.50 | <0.05 |
Poor to fair | 68.20 | 31.80 | <0.05 | 62.20 | 37.80 | <0.05 |
Category | Variable (Reference) | Classification | Do Not See Well Enough to Read without the Use of Corrective Lenses | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (Exp (B)) | 95% CI | |||
Demographic | Biological sex (Male) | Female | 1.042 | (0.836, 1.300) |
Age | 0.923 | (0.834, 1.022) | ||
Emirate (Abu Dhabi) | Ajman | 0.181 ** | (0.087, 0.379) | |
Dubai | 2.746 ** | (2.045, 3.689) | ||
Fujairah | 9.533 ** | (6.307, 14.410) | ||
Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) | 0.129 ** | (0.070, 0.236) | ||
Sharjah | 0.711 * | (0.536, 0.944) | ||
Umm Al Quwain (UAQ) | 7.570 ** | (3.779, 15.163) | ||
Nationality (UAE) | Other GCC countries | 1.681 * | (1.020, 2.771) | |
Other Middle Eastern countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, North Africa, Yemen, and Somalia) | 1.045 | (0.701, 1.559) | ||
South East Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Indonesia) | 1.996 * | (1.303, 3.058) | ||
Europe, Canada, USA and Australia | 1.864 | (0.747, 4.648) | ||
Others and no nationality | 0.584 | (0.235, 1.456) | ||
Socioeconomic | Paternal education (did not complete high school) | Completed high school | 1.007 | (0.775, 1.343) |
Maternal education (did not complete high school) | Completed high school | 1.259 | (0.946, 1.675) | |
Paternal employment status (Not employed/retired) | Government employee | 0.841 | (0.609, 1.159) | |
Private employee | 0.928 | (0.625, 1.378) | ||
Self-employed | 0.853 | (0.558, 1.302) | ||
Maternal employment status (not employed) | Government employee | 1.317 | (0.936, 1.854) | |
Private employee | 1.107 | (0.752, 1.630) | ||
Self-employed | 0.680 | (0.338, 1.367) | ||
Home ownership (own) | Rent | 0.991 | (0.714, 1.376) | |
Household income (less than 15,000 AED) | 15,000 AED and above | 1.186 | (0.925, 1.522) | |
Behaviour and Lifestyle | Screen time (h/day) (Minimal)) | Mild | 1.146 | (0.878, 1.495) |
Moderate | 1.401 * | (1.068, 1.838) | ||
High | 1.230 | (0.876, 1.727) | ||
Health and Function | Visiting an eye specialist in the past 12 months (No) | Yes | 4.038 ** | (3.051, 5.346) |
Ability to handle day to day work/school responsibilities (Good to excellent) | Poor to Fair | 1.254 | (0.919, 1.710) | |
Specificity (%)/Sensitivity (%) | 93.0/45.0 | |||
Model | ||||
Chi-square | 657.17 | |||
p-value | <0.001 | |||
Hosmer and Lemeshow test | ||||
Chi-square | 8.503 | |||
p-value | 0.386 |
Category | Variable (Reference) | Classification | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Do Not See Well Enough to Read without the Use of Corrective Lenses | ||||||
OR (Exp (B)) | 95% CI | OR (Exp (B)) | 95% CI | |||
Demographic | Age | 0.796 * | (0.683, 0.928) | 0.994 | (0.868, 1.151) | |
Emirate (Abu Dhabi) | Ajman | 0.483 * | (0.235, 0.995) | 0.000 | (0.000, 0.000) | |
Dubai | 0.045 * | (0.006, 0.332) | 6.346 ** | (4.305, 9.356) | ||
Fujairah | 82.833 ** | (18.849, 364.023) | 6.683 ** | (4.161, 10.734) | ||
Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) | 0.844 | (0.420, 1.696) | 0.010 ** | (0.001, 0.071) | ||
Sharjah | 1.471 * | (1.013, 2.138) | 0.274 ** | (0.168, 0.449) | ||
Umm Al Quwain (UAQ) | 17.222 ** | (3.348, 88.600) | 6.165 ** | (2.817, 13.493) | ||
Nationality (UAE) | Other GCC countries | 2.154 * | (1.111, 4.175) | 1.165 | (0.439, 3.093) | |
Other Middle Eastern countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, North Africa, Yemen, and Somalia) | 1.139 | (0.611, 2.123) | 0.908 | (0.512, 1.609) | ||
South East Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Indonesia) | 1.889 | (0.952, 3.746) | 1.860 * | (1.027, 3.368) | ||
Europe, Canada, USA and Australia | 2.305 | (0.463, 11.473) | 1.861 | (0.535, 6.467) | ||
Others and no nationality | 1.386 | (0.392, 4.903) | 0.249 * | (0.070, 0.891) | ||
Socioeconomic | Paternal education (did not complete high school) | Completed high school | 1.073 | (0.683, 1.684) | 0.833 | (0.556, 1.246) |
Maternal education (did not complete high school) | Completed high school | 1.348 | (0.850, 2.139) | 1.503 * | (1.015, 2.224) | |
Paternal employment status (Not employed/retired) | Government employee | 0.917 | (0.521, 1.613) | 0.877 | (0.567, 1.357) | |
Private employee | 1.215 | (0.634, 2.332) | 0.766 | (0.439, 1.336) | ||
Self-employed | 1.027 | (0.495, 2.131) | 0.761 | (0.426, 1.360) | ||
Maternal employment status (not employed) | Government employee | 1.388 | (0.832, 2.316) | 1.414 | (0.854, 2.342) | |
Private employee | 0.930 | (0.490, 1.767) | 1.016 | (0.599, 1.725) | ||
Self-employed | 0.345 | (0.084, 1.410) | 1.025 | (0.422, 2.493) | ||
Home ownership (own) | Rent | 1.044 | (0.634, 1.719) | 0.981 | (0.610, 1.578) | |
Household income (less than 15,000 AED) | 15,000 AED and above | 1.428 | (0.952, 2.141) | 1.051 | (0.747, 1.479) | |
Behaviour and Lifestyle | Mobile use (h/day) (less than 1/NA) | 1 to 4 | 0.647 | (0.410, 1.021) | 0.983 | (0.619, 1.563) |
5 or more | 0.947 | (0.651, 1.377) | 1.060 | (0.752, 1.493) | ||
Health and Function | Visiting an eye specialist in the past 12 months (No) | Yes | 4.091 ** | (2.529, 6.620) | 3.742 ** | (2.577, 5.434) |
Ability to handle day to day work/school responsibilities (Good to excellent) | Poor to Fair | 0.441 * | (0.264, 0.737) | 0.987 | (0.652, 1.492) | |
Male | Female | |||||
Specificity (%)/Sensitivity (%) | 97.2/32.1 | 86.7/67.9 | ||||
Model | ||||||
Chi-square | 241.661 | 651.190 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Hosmer and Lemeshow test | ||||||
Chi-square | 7.625 | 3.242 | ||||
p-value | 0.471 | 0.918 |
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Maniyali, F.; Sanchez, O.; Papaconstantinou, E.; Barakat, C. Determinants of Health Care Needs in Relation to Vision Correction among Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166547
Maniyali F, Sanchez O, Papaconstantinou E, Barakat C. Determinants of Health Care Needs in Relation to Vision Correction among Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(16):6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166547
Chicago/Turabian StyleManiyali, Faryal, Otto Sanchez, Efrosini Papaconstantinou, and Caroline Barakat. 2023. "Determinants of Health Care Needs in Relation to Vision Correction among Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 16: 6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166547