Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. AF and OTA Determination
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparisons with Other Studies and What the Current Work Adds to the Existing Knowledge
3.2. Study Strengths and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n * (%) | |
---|---|
Type | |
Black | 24 (65) |
Green | 13 (35) |
Packing | |
Packed in primary and secondary packages | 30 (81) |
Packed in primary package only | 7 (19) |
Country of Origin | |
Europe | 8 (22) |
Asia | 15 (41) |
Not known | 14 (38) |
Country of Packaging | |
Europe | 13 (35) |
Asia | 15 (41) |
Not known | 9 (24) |
Main Distributer | |
Europe | 14 (38) |
Asia | 14 (38) |
Not known | 9 (24) |
Mean ± SD * | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Type | ||
Black | 2.65 ± 0.55 | |
Green | 2.54 ± 0.40 | 0.649 |
Packing | ||
Packed in primary and secondary packages | 2.85 ± 0.45 | |
Packed in primary package only | 3.27 ± 0.42 | 0.041 |
Country of Origin | ||
Europe | 2.67 ± 0.36 | |
Asia | 3.04 ± 0.48 | |
Not known | 2.79 ± 0.42 | 0.032 |
Country of Packaging | ||
Europe | 2.62 ± 0.35 | |
Asia | 2.99 ± 0.46 | |
Not known | 3.12 ± 0.45 | 0.012 |
Main Distributer | ||
Europe | 2.64 ± 0.37 | |
Asia | 2.87 ± 0.40 | |
Not known | 3.35 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
Mean ± SD * | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Type | ||
Black | 3.67 ± 0.96 | |
Green | 3.46 ± 1.09 | 0.852 |
Packing | ||
Packed in primary and secondary packages | 3.32 ± 1.07 | |
Packed in primary package only | 3.68 ± 0.38 | 0.768 |
Country of Origin | ||
Europe | 3.63 ± 0.95 | |
Asia | 3.45 ± 0.49 | |
Not known | 3.99 ± 0.28 | 0.669 |
Country of Packaging | ||
Europe | 3.62 ± 1.08 | |
Asia | 3.19 ± 1.10 | |
Not known | 3.08 ± 0.56 | 0.735 |
Main Distributor | ||
Europe | 3.67 ± 0.94 | |
Asia | 3.08 ± 0.59 | |
Not known | 3.25 ± 0.54 | 0.613 |
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Hassan, H.F.; Tashani, H.; Ballouk, F.; Daou, R.; El Khoury, A.; Abiad, M.G.; AlKhatib, A.; Hassan, M.; El Khatib, S.; Dimassi, H. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166556
Hassan HF, Tashani H, Ballouk F, Daou R, El Khoury A, Abiad MG, AlKhatib A, Hassan M, El Khatib S, Dimassi H. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(16):6556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166556
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Hussein F., Hadeel Tashani, Farah Ballouk, Rouaa Daou, André El Khoury, Mohamad G. Abiad, Ali AlKhatib, Mahdi Hassan, Sami El Khatib, and Hani Dimassi. 2023. "Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 16: 6556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166556