Dental Caries, Tooth Loss and Quality of Life of Individuals Exposed to Social Risk Factors in Northeast Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Study Location
2.4. Study Population and Data Collection
2.5. Oral Clinical Examination
2.6. General Questionnaire
2.7. OHRQoL
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | Total | OHIP-14 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[0–8.0) | [8.0–15.0) | ≥15.0 ** | p * | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex | 0.011 | ||||
Male | 1188 (38.8) | 956 (80.5) | 171 (14.4) | 61 (5.1) | |
Female | 1875 (61.2) | 1424 (75.9) | 322 (17.2) | 129 (6.9) | |
Income | |||||
≤2 minimum wages (BMW) | 1882 (61.4) | 1477 (78.5) | 283 (15.0) | 122 (6.5) | 0.031 |
≥3 minimum wages (BMW) | 922 (30.1) | 691 (74.9) | 177 (19.2) | 54 (5.9) | |
No reply | 259 (8.5) | 212 (81.9) | 33 (12.7) | 14 (5.4) | |
Household agglomeration | |||||
Ideal (≤2 person per bedroom) | 2685 (87.7) | 2088 (77.8) | 437 (16.3) | 160 (6.0) | 0.077 |
Not ideal (>2 person per bedroom) | 277 (9.0) | 207 (74.7) | 43 (15.5) | 27 (9.7) | |
No reply | 101 (3.30) | 85 (84.2) | 13 (12.9) | 3 (3.0) | |
Spiritual person | |||||
Yes | 2270 (74.1) | 1780 (78.4) | 345 (15.2) | 145 (6.4) | 0.009 |
No | 677 (22.1) | 501 (74.0) | 133 (19.6) | 43 (6.4) | |
No reply | 116 (3.8) | 99 (85.3) | 15 (12.9) | 2 (1.7) | |
Own toothbrush | |||||
Yes | 2953 (96.4) | 2298 (77.8) | 469 (15.9) | 186 (6.3) | 0.088 |
No | 45 (1.5) | 29 (64.4) | 13 (28.9) | 3 (6.7) | |
No reply | 65 (2.1) | 53 (81.5) | 11 (16.9) | 1 (1.5) | |
Use fluoride of toothpaste | |||||
Yes | 2887 (94.3) | 2251 (78.0) | 458 (15.9) | 178 (6.2) | 0.007 |
No | 112 (3.6) | 73 (65.2) | 30 (26.8) | 9 (8.0) | |
No reply | 64 (2.1) | 56 (87.5) | 5 (7.8) | 3 (4.7) | |
Brush teeth frequently | |||||
Yes | 2791 (91.1) | 2187 (78.4) | 432 (15.5) | 172 (6.2) | 0.007 |
No | 191 (6.3) | 128 (67.0) | 49 (25.7) | 14 (7.3) | |
No reply | 81 (2.6) | 65 (80.2) | 12 (14.8) | 4 (4.9) | |
Tobacco use | |||||
Yes | 317 (10.3) | 233 (73.5) | 53 (16.7) | 31 (9.8) | 0.059 |
No | 2669 (87.2) | 2086 (78.2) | 426 (16.0) | 157 (5.9) | |
No reply | 77 (2.5) | 61 (79.2) | 14 (18.2) | 2 (2.6) | |
Consume alcohol | |||||
Yes | 644 (21.0) | 485 (75.3) | 113 (17.5) | 46 (7.1) | |
No | 2370 (74.3) | 1852 (78.1) | 374 (15.8) | 144 (6.1) | 0.143 |
No reply | 144 (4.7) | 43 (87.8) | 6 (12.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Need for prosthesis | |||||
Yes | 1393 (45.4) | 992 (71.2) | 268 (19.2) | 133 (9.5) | |
No | 1425 (46.5) | 1176 (82.5) | 199 (14.0) | 50 (3.5) | <0.001 |
No reply | 245 (8.1) | 212 (86.5) | 26 (10.6) | 7 (2.9) | |
Prevalence of caries experience | |||||
Yes | 2859 (93.3) | 2196 (76.8) | 477 (16,7) | 186 (6.5) | <0.001 |
No | 204 (6.7) | 184 (90.2) | 16 (7.8) | 4 (2.0) | |
Prevalence of untreated caries | |||||
Yes | 1497 (48.9) | 1221 (81.6) | 215 (14.4) | 61 (4.1) | <0.001 |
No | 1566 (51.1) | 1159 (74.0) | 278 (17.8) | 129 (8.2) | |
Prevalence of edentulism | |||||
Yes | 2200 (71.8) | 1645 (74.8) | 389 (17.7) | 166 (7.5) | <0.001 |
No | 863 (28.2) | 735 (85.2) | 104 (12.1) | 24 (2.8) |
Categories | Age Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
12 Years-Old | 15–19 Years-Old | 35–44 Years-Old | 65–74 Years-Old | |
Caries experience | ||||
DMFT | ||||
Mean (SD) | 2.68 (4.01) a | 4.84 (4.30) b | 15.35 (7.26) c | 26.72 (8.03) d |
Confidence interval | 2.11–3.25 | 4.55–5.14 | 14.96–15.75 | 26.14–27.30 |
Median | 2.00 | 4.00 | 15.00 | 32.00 |
Decayed Teeth (DT) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 1.16 (1.17) a | 1.84 (2.53) a,b | 2.33 (3.39) b | 1.11 (2.66) c |
Confidence interval | 0.92–1.40 | 1.66–2.01 | 2.15–2.52 | 0.92–1.30 |
Median | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
Filled Teeth (FT) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 0.93 (1.70) b | 2.16 (3.01) c | 4.15 (4.46) d | 0.40 (1.51) a |
Confidence interval | 0.69–1.18 | 1.95–2.36 | 3.91–4.39 | 0.29–0.51 |
Median | 0.00 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 |
Missing teeth (MT) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 0.58 (3.30) a | 0.84 (1.95) b | 8.88 (7.72) c | 25.21 (9.36) d |
Confidence interval | 0.11–1.05 | 0.70–0.97 | 8.46–9.30 | 24.53–25.88 |
Median | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.00 | 31.00 |
“Caries-free” n (%) | 5 (2.60) | 122 (14.90) | 14 (1.10) | 10 (1.30) |
Partial edentulism n (%) | 32 (16.50) | 276 (33.80) | 1,168 (89.70) | 724 (96.50) |
Total edentulism n (%) | 2 (1.03) | 3 (0.36) | 34 (2.61) | 372 (49.6) |
OHIP-14 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 2.29 (5.74) a | 3.69 (6.34) b | 5.91 (8.45) c | 4.95 (7.61) d |
Confidence interval | 1.48–3.10 | 3.25–4.12 | 5.45–6.37 | 4.41–5.50 |
Median | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 |
Impact present n (%) | 2 (1.00) | 30 (3.70) | 114 (8.80) | 44 (5.90) |
Covariates | n (%) | Robust RR (95% IC) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Age Group | |||
12 years-old | 194 (6.3) | 1.61 (1.11, 2.34) | 0.036 |
15–19 years-old | 817 (26.7) | 2.58 (1.80, 3.70) | <0.001 |
35–44 years-old | 1302 (42.5) | 2.16 (1.50, 3.13) | 0.002 |
65–74 years-old | 750 (24.5) | 2.29 (1.61, 3.25) | 0.001 |
Sex | |||
Male | 1188 (38.8) | 1.24 (1.10, 1.39) | <0.001 |
Female | 1875 (61.2) | 3.43 (2.80, 4.21) | <0.001 |
Scholarity | |||
Illiterate | 386 (12.6) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.299 |
≤10 of study | 2064 (67.4) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.20) | 0.618 |
>10 of study | 218 (7.1) | 5.37 (4.60, 6.27) | <0.001 |
Household agglomeration | |||
Ideal (≤2 person per bedroom) | 2685 (87.6) | 1.19 (0.99, 1.43) | 0.063 |
Not ideal (>2 person per bedroom) | 277 (9.0) | 4.03 (3.26, 4.98) | <0.001 |
Income | |||
≤2 minimum wage (BMW) | 1882 (61.4) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 0.323 |
≥3 minimum wage (BMW) | 922 (30.1) | 4.52 (3.79, 5.38) | <0.001 |
Own toothbrush | |||
Yes | 2953 (96.4) | 1.25 (0.84, 1.87) | 0.273 |
No | 45 (1.5) | 3.88 (2.57, 5.87) | <0.001 |
Use fluoride of toothpaste | |||
Yes | 2887 (94.2) | 1.39 (1.09, 1.77) | 0.008 |
No | 112 (3.7) | 3.47 (2.66, 4.51) | <0.001 |
Brush teeth frequently | |||
Yes | 2791 (91.1) | 1.38 (1.15, 1.65) | 0.001 |
No | 191 (6.2) | 3.45 (2.80, 4.26) | <0.001 |
Quantity of toothpaste for brushing teeth | |||
Rice grain | 244 (7.9) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.54) | 0.060 |
Pea seed | 1112 (36.3) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 0.069 |
Full length of bristles | 1534 (50.1) | 4.00 (3.27, 4.90) | <0.001 |
Recently topical fluoride application | |||
Yes | 587 (19.2) | 1.51 (1.30, 1.77) | <0.001 |
No | 2309 (75.4) | 2.30 (1.72, 3.08) | <0.001 |
Need for prosthesis | |||
Yes | 1393 (45.5) | 0.62 (0.55, 0.69) | <0.001 |
No | 1425 (46.5) | 10.05 (8.47, 11.94) | <0.001 |
Consume alcohol | |||
Yes | 644 (21.0) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 0.202 |
No | 2370 (77.4) | 5.67 (4.50, 7.15) | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption frequency | |||
Everyday | 194 (6.3) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.190 |
Sometimes | 443 (14.5) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.02) | 0.077 |
Never | 1963 (64.1) | 5.82 (4.73, 7.15) | <0.001 |
Tobacco use | |||
Yes | 317 (10.3) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) | 0.006 |
No | 2669 (87.1) | 7.76 (5.54, 10.88) | <0.001 |
Pray | |||
Yes | 2454 (80.1) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.848 |
No | 508 (16.5) | 4.98 (4.14, 6.00) | <0.001 |
Religious person | |||
Yes | 2495 (81.4) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.14) | 0.807 |
No | 462 (15.1) | 5.02 (4.18, 6.02) | <0.001 |
Spiritual person | |||
Yes | 2270 (74.1) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) | 0.117 |
No | 677 (22.1) | 4.33 (3.65, 5.15) | <0.001 |
Have beliefs in life | |||
Yes | 2560 (83.5) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.21) | 0.831 |
No | 388 (12.7) | 4.82 (3.94, 5.91) | <0.001 |
Prevalence of edentulism | |||
Yes | 2200 (71.8) | 3.23 (2.85, 5.22) | <0.001 |
No | 863 (28.2) | 1.70 (1.48, 1.96) | <0.001 |
Teeth lost due to caries | |||
0 teeth | 863 (28.2) | 1.72 (1.48, 2.01) | <0.001 |
1–10 teeth | 1074 (35.1) | 2.00 (1.68, 2.38) | <0.001 |
11–20 teeth | 466 (15.2) | 1.45 (1.22, 1.73) | <0.001 |
21–32 teeth | 660 (21.5) | 3.23 (2.85, 3.66) | <0.001 |
Prevalence of caries experience | |||
Yes | 2859 (93.3) | 2.07 (1.50, 2.86) | <0.001 |
No | 204 (6.7) | 2.44 (1.75, 3.38) | <0.001 |
Prevalence of untreated caries | |||
Yes | 1566 (51.1) | 3.86 (3.54, 4.20) | <0.001 |
No | 1497 (48.9) | 1.50 (1.34, 3.38) | <0.001 |
Participate in social activities | |||
Yes | 825 (26.9) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.807 |
No | 2097 (68.4) | 5.00 (4.01, 6.22) | <0.001 |
Independent Variables | n | RR (95% IC) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of untreated caries | 1566 | 1.54 (1.37–1.72) | <0.001 |
Prevalence of edentulism | 2200 | 1.29 (1.08–1.53) | 0.005 |
Need for prosthesis | 1393 | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | <0.001 |
Age Groups | |||
12 years-old | 194 | 1.48 (1.02–2.15) | 0.036 |
15–19 years-old | 817 | 1.95 (1.34–2.83) | <0.001 |
35–44 years-old | 1302 | 1.80 (1.23–2.64) | 0.002 |
65–74 years-old | 750 | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) | 0.001 |
Sex | 3063 | 1.47 (0.98–2.21) | 0.064 |
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de Albuquerque, L.S.; de Queiroz, R.G.; Abanto, J.; Strazzeri Bönecker, M.J.; Soares Forte, F.D.; Sampaio, F.C. Dental Caries, Tooth Loss and Quality of Life of Individuals Exposed to Social Risk Factors in Northeast Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176661
de Albuquerque LS, de Queiroz RG, Abanto J, Strazzeri Bönecker MJ, Soares Forte FD, Sampaio FC. Dental Caries, Tooth Loss and Quality of Life of Individuals Exposed to Social Risk Factors in Northeast Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(17):6661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176661
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Albuquerque, Luísa Simões, Raiana Gurgel de Queiroz, Jenny Abanto, Marcelo José Strazzeri Bönecker, Franklin Delano Soares Forte, and Fábio Correia Sampaio. 2023. "Dental Caries, Tooth Loss and Quality of Life of Individuals Exposed to Social Risk Factors in Northeast Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 17: 6661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176661