Resilience, Positivity and Social Support as Perceived Stress Predictors among University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Defining and Measuring Resilience and Its Relations to the Perceived Stress
1.2. The Concept of Positivity
1.3. Definition and Measure of Social Support in the Relations to the Perceived Stress
1.4. In the Search for Cultural Differences in Students’ Experience of Stress
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Partial Correlations
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Perceived Stress Predictors
4. Discussion
Study Limitations and Directions for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resilience | Positivity | Appraisal Support | Belonging Support | Tangible Support | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
Positivity | 0.46 | 1.00 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.31 |
Appraisal support | 0.20 | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.64 |
Belonging support | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.58 |
Tangible support | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 1.00 |
Perceived stress | −0.57 | −0.53 | −0.22 | −0.24 | −0.24 |
Nationality | Variable | M | SD | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polish (n = 306) | Resilience | 2.87 | 0.86 | 1–5 | −0.03 | −0.18 |
Positivity | 3.24 | 0.93 | 1–5 | −0.32 | −0.49 | |
Appraisal support | 3.13 | 0.77 | 1–4 | −0.58 | −0.54 | |
Belonging support | 2.92 | 0.77 | 1–4 | −0.56 | −0.17 | |
Tangible support | 3.25 | 0.68 | 1–4 | −0.73 | 0.09 | |
Perceived stress | 23.16 | 7.19 | 2–40 | −0.17 | −0.33 | |
Serbian (n = 175) | Resilience | 3.02 | 0.75 | 1–5 | 0.20 | −0.26 |
Positivity | 3.73 | 0.79 | 1–5 | −0.69 | 0.23 | |
Appraisal support | 3.07 | 0.78 | 1–4 | −0.70 | −0.10 | |
Belonging support | 3.06 | 0.79 | 1–4 | −0.64 | −0.42 | |
Tangible support | 3.22 | 0.63 | 1–4 | −0.68 | 0.42 | |
Perceived stress | 21.20 | 6.04 | 4–36 | −0.02 | −0.17 | |
Italian (n = 78) | Resilience | 3.22 | 0.72 | 1–5 | −0.25 | 0.52 |
Positivity | 3.62 | 0.72 | 2–5 | −0.29 | 0.12 | |
Appraisal support | 3.06 | 0.80 | 1–4 | −0.66 | −0.05 | |
Belonging support | 2.95 | 0.79 | 1–4 | −0.49 | −0.15 | |
Tangible support | 3.05 | 0.80 | 1–4 | −0.62 | −0.43 | |
Perceived stress | 21.94 | 7.37 | 3–38 | −0.43 | 0.13 |
Variable | Beta | −95%; +95% CI | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | −0.39 | −0.46; −0.32 | −10.70 | 0.000 | |
Positivity | −0.38 | −0.46; −0.30 | −9.42 | 0.000 | |
Appraisal support | 0.01 | −0.08; 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.837 | |
Belonging support | 0.09 | 0; 0.18 | 2.04 | 0.042 | |
Tangible support | −0.12 | −0.21; −0.04 | −2.95 | 0.003 | |
Nationality | Italian | 0.08 | 0; 0.17 | 1.90 | 0.058 |
Serbian | −0.09 | −0.17; 0 | −1.92 | 0.056 | |
Gender | 1 | −0.15 | −0.21; −0.09 | −4.61 | 0.000 |
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Litwic-Kaminska, K.; Błachnio, A.; Kapsa, I.; Brzeziński, Ł.; Kopowski, J.; Stojković, M.; Hinić, D.; Krsmanović, I.; Ragni, B.; Sulla, F.; et al. Resilience, Positivity and Social Support as Perceived Stress Predictors among University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20196892
Litwic-Kaminska K, Błachnio A, Kapsa I, Brzeziński Ł, Kopowski J, Stojković M, Hinić D, Krsmanović I, Ragni B, Sulla F, et al. Resilience, Positivity and Social Support as Perceived Stress Predictors among University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(19):6892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20196892
Chicago/Turabian StyleLitwic-Kaminska, Kamila, Aleksandra Błachnio, Izabela Kapsa, Łukasz Brzeziński, Jakub Kopowski, Milica Stojković, Darko Hinić, Ivana Krsmanović, Benedetta Ragni, Francesco Sulla, and et al. 2023. "Resilience, Positivity and Social Support as Perceived Stress Predictors among University Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 19: 6892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20196892