Linking Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression to Mindfulness: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Concept and Measurement of Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression
1.2. Concept and Measurement of Mindfulness
1.3. The Relationship between Mindfulness and Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression
1.4. Possible Moderating Variable
1.5. Current Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search and Screening
2.2. Coding Process
2.3. Quality Rating
2.4. Analysis Process
3. Results
3.1. Publication Bias Test
3.2. Model Comparison
3.3. Pooled Effects
3.4. Analysis of Moderating Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. The Moderate Effect of Gender and Mindfulness Measurement Tools
4.2. Research Deficiencies and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
ID1 | ID2 | Author (First) | py | n | α1 | α2 | CB | Age | Gender | MI | ERI | MD | ERD | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | Zhang | 2021 | 222 | east | 21.55 | 0.55 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.002 | ||
1 | 2 | Zhang | 2021 | 222 | east | 21.55 | 0.55 | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | 0.027 | ||
2 | 3 | Liu | 2015 | 448 | 0.73 | 0.81 | east | 21.15 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERS | M | R | 0.417 |
2 | 4 | Liu | 2015 | 448 | 0.73 | 0.73 | east | 21.15 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERS | M | S | 0.007 |
3 | 5 | Li | 2015 | 397 | 0.8 | 0.881 | east | 0.77 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.281 | |
3 | 6 | Li | 2015 | 397 | 0.8 | 0.881 | east | 0.77 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.208 | |
3 | 7 | Li | 2015 | 397 | 0.8 | 0.881 | east | 0.77 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.312 | |
3 | 8 | Li | 2015 | 397 | 0.8 | 0.881 | east | 0.77 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.044 | |
4 | 9 | Laura | 2019 | 256 | 0.92 | 0.813 | west | 18.95 | 0.32 | CEDMI | ERQ | NJ | R | 0.20 |
4 | 10 | Laura | 2019 | 256 | 0.92 | 0.774 | west | 18.95 | 0.32 | CEDMI | ERQ | NJ | S | −0.35 |
4 | 11 | McKee | 2019 | 256 | 0.89 | 0.813 | west | 18.95 | 0.32 | CEDMI | ERQ | AC | R | 0.16 |
4 | 12 | McKee | 2019 | 256 | 0.89 | 0.774 | west | 18.95 | 0.32 | CEDMI | ERQ | AC | S | −0.28 |
5 | 13 | Hui | 2019 | 594 | 0.83 | 0.71 | east | 1.14 | MAAS | ERS | M | R | 0.44 | |
5 | 14 | Hui | 2019 | 594 | 0.83 | 0.67 | east | 1.14 | MAAS | ERS | M | S | −0.34 | |
6 | 15 | Amundsen | 2020 | 108 | 0.87 | 0.83 | west | CAMM | ERQ-CA | M | R | 0.202 | ||
6 | 16 | Amundsen | 2020 | 108 | 0.87 | 0.75 | west | CAMM | ERQ-CA | M | S | 0.02 | ||
7 | 17 | Prakash | 2015 | 48 | 0.90 | west | 65.13 | 0.538 | MAAS | other | M | R | 0.01 | |
8 | 18 | Prakash | 2015 | 48 | 0.75 | west | 23.61 | 0.58 | MAAS | other | M | S | −0.42 | |
9 | 19 | Malikin | 2020 | 205 | 0.91 | 0.89 | west | 0.48 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.17 | |
9 | 20 | Malikin | 2020 | 205 | 0.91 | 0.76 | west | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | −0.09 | ||
10 | 21 | Desrosiers | 2013 | 187 | 0.89 | 0.91 | west | 38 | 0.56 | FFMQ | ERQ | M | R | 0.61 |
11 | 22 | Kerin | 2017 | 312 | 0.82 | 0.9 | west | 22 | 0.47 | FFMQ | other | NJ | S | 0.47 |
11 | 23 | Kerin | 2017 | 312 | 0.84 | 0.9 | west | 22 | 0.47 | FFMQ | other | NJ | S | 0.38 |
11 | 24 | Kerin | 2017 | 312 | 0.83 | 0.9 | west | 22 | 0.47 | FFMQ | O | O | S | 0.07 |
11 | 25 | Kerin | 2017 | 312 | 0.82 | 0.9 | west | 22 | 0.47 | FFMQ | other | AW | S | 0.34 |
11 | 26 | Kerin | 2017 | 312 | 0.83 | 0.9 | west | 22 | 0.47 | FFMQ | other | D | S | 0.26 |
12 | 27 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.93 | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | NJ | R | 0.12 | ||
12 | 28 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.93 | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | NJ | S | −0.26 | ||
12 | 29 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.83 | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | NR | R | 0.42 | ||
12 | 30 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.83 | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | NR | S | −0.01 | ||
12 | 31 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.84 | west | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | O | R | 0.3 | |
12 | 32 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.84 | 0.8 | west | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | O | S | −0.06 |
12 | 33 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.91 | west | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | AW | R | 0.21 | |
12 | 34 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.91 | west | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | AW | S | −0.2 | |
12 | 35 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.91 | west | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | D | R | 0.25 | |
12 | 36 | Warner | 2020 | 1094 | 0.91 | 0.91 | west | 34.43 | 0.72 | FFMQ | ERQ | D | S | −0.36 |
13 | 37 | Brockman | 2016 | 187 | 0.85 | 0.79 | west | 23.9 | 0.3 | LMS | ERQ | M | R | 0.46 |
13 | 38 | Brockman | 2016 | 187 | 0.85 | 0.73 | west | 23.9 | 0.3 | LMS | ERQ | M | S | −0.13 |
14 | 39 | Pepping | 2016 | 113 | 0.85 | 0.84 | west | 14.9 | 0.79 | CAMM | ERQ-CA | M | R | 0.11 |
14 | 40 | Pepping | 2016 | 113 | 0.85 | 0.65 | west | 14.9 | 0.79 | CAMM | ERQ-CA | M | S | −0.26 |
15 | 41 | LockerJr | 2016 | 80 | 0.87 | 0.82 | east | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | −0.07 | ||
15 | 42 | LockerJr | 2016 | 80 | 0.87 | 0.82 | est | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.19 | ||
16 | 43 | Ma | 2019 | 1067 | 0.78 | 0.63 | east | 14.84 | 0.73 | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | −0.18 |
16 | 44 | Ma | 2019 | 1067 | 0.78 | 0.7 | est | 14.84 | 0.73 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.05 |
17 | 45 | Malik | 2021 | 210 | 0.89 | 0.9 | est | 21 | 0.98 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | −0.58 |
18 | 46 | Gregório | 2013 | 350 | 0.9 | 0.9 | west | 29.85 | 0.2 | MAAS | WBSI | M | S | −0.36 |
19 | 47 | Hayes-Skelton | 2013 | 1097 | 0.86 | 0.76 | west | 26.58 | 0.36 | FFMQ | ERQ | M | R | 0.32 |
20 | 48 | Cindy | 2013 | 89 | 0.87 | 0.74 | west | 64.13 | 0.44 | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | −0.01 |
20 | 49 | Cindy | 2013 | 89 | 0.87 | 0.83 | west | 64.13 | 0.44 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | −0.02 |
21 | 50 | Hawkes | 2019 | 496 | west | 31.4 | 0.21 | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | −0.21 | ||
21 | 51 | Hawkes | 2019 | 496 | west | 31.4 | 0.21 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.23 | ||
22 | 52 | Prakash | 2015 | 48 | 0.76 | 0.9 | west | 65.4 | 0.55 | MAAS | WBSI | M | S | −0.34 |
23 | 53 | Prakash | 2015 | 50 | 0.9 | 0.9 | west | 23.6 | 0.56 | MAAS | WBSI | M | S | −0.78 |
24 | 54 | Stevenson | 2018 | 174 | 0.85 | 0.66 | west | 21.18 | 0.35 | FFMQ | ERQ | M | S | −0.14 |
24 | 55 | Stevenson | 2018 | 174 | 0.85 | 0.89 | west | 21.18 | 0.35 | FFMQ | ERQ | M | R | 0.29 |
25 | 56 | Ángel Cano | 2020 | 200 | 0.92 | 0.84 | west | 21.3 | 0.96 | MAAS | ERQ | M | S | −0.12 |
25 | 57 | Ángel Cano | 2020 | 200 | 0.92 | 0.92 | west | 21.3 | 0.96 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.09 |
26 | 58 | Chen | 2021 | 187 | 0.82 | 0.73 | east | 21.6 | 0.11 | CAMS-R | ERQ | M | S | −0.08 |
26 | 59 | Chen | 2021 | 187 | 0.82 | 0.83 | east | 21.6 | 0.11 | CAMS-R | ERQ | M | R | 0.32 |
27 | 60 | James | 2017 | 98 | 0.8 | 0.88 | west | 37.55 | 1.17 | MAAS | WBSI | M | S | −0.42 |
28 | 61 | Desrosiers | 2014 | 189 | 0.76 | 0.91 | west | 38 | 0.55 | FFMQ | ERQ | M | R | 0.50 |
28 | 62 | Desrosiers | 2014 | 189 | 0.84 | 0.91 | west | 38 | 0.55 | FFMQ | ERQ | O | R | 0.44 |
29 | 63 | Hanley | 2014 | 329 | 0.73 | 0.9 | 35 | 0.45 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.44 | |
30 | 64 | Hanley | 2014 | 130 | 0.74 | 0.9 | 38 | 0.34 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.41 | |
31 | 65 | Hanley | 2014 | 101 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 22 | 0.36 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | 0.34 | |
32 | 66 | Kaynak | 2021 | 620 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 21.88 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERQ | NJ | R | −0.11 | |
32 | 67 | Kaynak | 2021 | 620 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 21.88 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERQ | NR | R | 0.4 | |
32 | 68 | Kaynak | 2021 | 620 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 21.88 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERQ | O | R | 0.2 | |
32 | 69 | Kaynak | 2021 | 620 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 21.88 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERQ | AW | R | 0.2 | |
32 | 70 | Kaynak | 2021 | 620 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 21.88 | 0.45 | FFMQ | ERQ | D | R | 0.26 | |
33 | 71 | Kaynak | 2021 | 210 | 0.89 | 0.9 | east | 21 | 0.98 | FFMQ | CERQ | M | R | −0.58 |
34 | 72 | Kaynak | 2022 | 1251 | 0.84 | 0.71 | east | MAAS | CERQ | M | R | 0.15 | ||
34 | 73 | Kaynak | 2022 | 1251 | 0.84 | 0.72 | east | MAAS | CERQ | M | R | 0.09 | ||
34 | 74 | Kaynak | 2022 | 1251 | 0.86 | 0.71 | east | MAAS | CERQ | M | R | 0.08 | ||
34 | 75 | Kaynak | 2022 | 1251 | 0.86 | 0.78 | east | MAAS | CERQ | M | R | 0.08 | ||
35 | 76 | Kaynak | 2018 | 236 | 0.88 | 0.82 | west | 23.83 | 0.39 | MAAS | AVEM | M | R | 0.35 |
36 | 77 | Kaynak | 2018 | 112 | 0.87 | 0.89 | west | 27.35 | 0.4 | MAAS | AVEM | M | R | 0.33 |
37 | 78 | Kaynak | 2018 | 236 | 0.88 | 0.83 | west | 23.83 | 0.39 | MAAS | AVEM | M | R | −0.4 |
38 | 79 | Kaynak | 2018 | 112 | 0.87 | 0.85 | west | 27.35 | 0.4 | MAAS | AVEM | M | R | −0.32 |
39 | 80 | Kaynak | 2020 | 442 | 0.84 | 0.83 | east | 20.29 | 0.842 | MAAS | ERQ | M | R | 0.21 |
40 | 81 | Kaynak | 2021 | 672 | 0.79 | 0.79 | east | 1.18 | MAAS | ERS | M | S | −0.22 | |
40 | 82 | Kaynak | 2021 | 672 | 0.79 | 0.85 | east | 1.18 | MAAS | ERS | M | R | 0.247 |
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Analysis Methods | K | n | Q (df) | P | r | 95% CI | Level 2 I2 | Level 3 I2 | Total I2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 32 | 50 | 898.87 (31) | <0.001 | 0.23 | [0.13, 0.33] | 28.2% | 63.05% | 91.25% |
B | 50 | 1460.65 (49) | <0.001 | 0.23 | [0.14, 0.31] | 97.98% | |||
C | 23 | 32 | 898.87 (31) | <0.001 | −0.24 | [−0.36, −0.11] | 26.2% | 71.19% | 97.39% |
D | 38 | 1227.38 (37) | <0.001 | −0.07 | [−0.20, 0.06] | 98.34% | |||
E | 32 | −0.02 | [−0.19, 0.04] |
Models | Mindfulness and Cognitive Reappraisal | Mindfulness and Expressive Suppression | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIC | BIC | LRT | p | AIC | BIC | LRT | p | |
Level (1,2,3) | 35.33 | 41.01 | 15.54 | 19.85 | ||||
Level (1,2) | 33.25 | 37.04 | 0 | 1 | 27.37 | 30.24 | 13.83 | <0.001 |
Level (1,3) | 371.87 | 375.65 | 338.54 | <0.001 | 150.03 | 152.91 | 136.48 | <0.001 |
Meta-Regression Models | K | n | QE(df) | p | b | 95% CI | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal | ||||||||
age | 25 | 37 | 1135.85 (35) | <0.001 | 0.06 | [−0.08, 0,19] | F (1,35) = 0.79 | 0.38 |
culture (Eastern culture as reference) | 32 | 50 | 1357.82 (48) | <0.001 | F (1,48) = 2.30 | 0.14 | ||
Western culture | 20 | 32 | 0.17 | [−0.05, 0.39] | 0.14 | |||
gender (women divided by the total number) | 29 | 44 | 1335.28 (42) | <0.001 | −0.02 | [−0.03, 0.00] | F (1,42) = 3.08 | 0.09 |
mindfulness measurement tools (FFMQ as reference) | 27 | 44 | 1316.74 (42) | <0.001 | F (1,42) = 2.39 | 0.13 | ||
MAAS | 14 | 19 | −0.16 | [−0.36, 0.05] | 0.13 | |||
emotion regulation measurement tools (CERQ as reference) | 26 | 42 | 996.88 (40) | <0.001 | F (1,40) = 2.26 | 0.14 | ||
ERQ | 19 | 29 | 0.23 | [−0.08, 0.53] | 0.14 | |||
study quality (weak as reference) | 32 | 50 | 1378.05 (47) | <0.001 | F (2,47) = 1.73 | 0.19 | ||
middle | 16 | 22 | −0.16 | [−0.49, 0.18] | 0.36 | |||
strong | 4 | 6 | 0.07 | [−0.33, 0.48] | 0.71 | |||
Mindfulness and expressive suppression | ||||||||
age | 18 | 27 | 780.80 (25) | <0.001 | 0.01 | [−0.16, 0.14] | F (1,25) = 0.02 | 0.89 |
culture (Eastern culture as reference) | 23 | 32 | 874.78 (30) | <0.001 | −0.10 | [−0.40, 0.20] | F (1,30) = 0.48 | 0.49 |
Western culture | −0.10 | [−0.40, 0.20] | 0.49 | |||||
gender (women divided by the total number) | 20 | 29 | 812.20 (27) | <0.001 | −0.06 | [−0.18, 0.07] | F (1,27) = 0.86 | 0.37 |
mindfulness measurement tools (FFMQ as reference) | 18 | 26 | 728.19 (24) | <0.001 | F (1,24) = 4.35 | 0.05 | ||
MAAS | 13 | 14 | −0.35 | [−0.70, −0.01] | 0.05 | |||
Mindfulness dimension (no-judgment dimension as reference) | 23 | 24 | 521.24 (22) | <0.001 | F (1,22) = 1.22 | 0.28 | ||
single dimension | 19 | 20 | −0.22 | [−0.62, 0.20] | 0.28 | |||
study quality (weak as reference) | 23 | 32 | F (2,29) = 0.42 | 0.66 | ||||
middle | 15 | 21 | 0.04 | [−0.16, 0.23] | 0.69 | |||
strong | 4 | 6 | −0.10 | [−0.41, 0.20] | 0.49 |
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Zhou, S.; Wu, Y.; Xu, X. Linking Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression to Mindfulness: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021241
Zhou S, Wu Y, Xu X. Linking Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression to Mindfulness: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021241
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Senlin, Yunpeng Wu, and Xizheng Xu. 2023. "Linking Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression to Mindfulness: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021241