How and When May Technostress Impact Workers’ Psycho-Physical Health and Work-Family Interface? A Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Technostress and Psycho-Physical Distress
1.2. Technostress and Work-Family Conflict
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measurements
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Independent T-Test Analyses and Analyses of Variance
3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Assessment of Common Method Bias
3.4. Hypotheses Testing
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Remote working | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||
2. Technostress | 2.31 | 0.90 | 0.52 | −0.46 | 0.25 ** | 0.88 | ||||||||||||
3. Fear of COVID-19 | 2.10 | 1.02 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 0.18 ** | 0.28 * | 0.91 | |||||||||||
4. Working excessively | 2.83 | 0.71 | −0.34 | −0.45 | 0.05 | 0.30 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.72 | ||||||||||
5. Psycho-physical distress | 1.14 | 0.67 | 0.71 | −0.06 | 0.10 | 0.27 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.89 | |||||||||
6. Work-family conflict | 3.49 | 1.61 | 0.23 | −0.82 | 0.09 | 0.50 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.89 | ||||||||
7. Resilience | 2.93 | 0.53 | −0.34 | −0.11 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.08 | 0.12 * | −0.35 ** | −0.03 | 0.80 | |||||||
8. Gender | - | - | - | - | 0.14 * | 0.05 | 0.23 ** | 0.15 * | 0.21 ** | 0.12 * | −0.21 ** | - | ||||||
9. Age | 39.40 | 12.26 | - | - | 0.17 * | 0.26 ** | 0.18 ** | −0.08 | −0.11 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 * | - | |||||
10. Being tested for COVID-19 | - | - | - | - | −0.06 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.09 | −0.03 | - | ||||
11. Personal positivity | - | - | - | - | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.13 * | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.12 | 0.25 ** | - | |||
12. Colleague’s positivity | - | - | - | - | 0.13 * | 0.14 * | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.13 * | - | ||
13. Family/friends’ positivity | - | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.19 ** | 0.25 ** | - | |
14. Loss of a loved one | - | - | - | - | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.26 ** | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.12 * | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.10 | 0.20 ** | 0.18 ** | - |
15. Family working in healthcare | - | - | - | - | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.17 ** | 0.13 * | 0.15 * | 0.29 ** | 0.03 |
Model | χ2 | df | p | RMSEA | 90% RMSEA | SRMR | CFI | TLI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Six-factor model_meth n | 1781.860 | 1099 | 0.00 | 0.04 | [0.04, 0.05] | 0.05 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Six-factor model_mo m | 1970.061 | 1149 | 0.00 | 0.05 | [0.04, 0.06] | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Six-factor model l | 2411.325 | 1160 | 0.00 | 0.06 | [0.06, 0.07] | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.88 |
Five-factor model2 i | 2538.719 | 1165 | 0.00 | 0.07 | [0.06, 0.07] | 0.07 | 0.78 | 0.77 |
Five-factor model1 h | 3067.571 | 1165 | 0.00 | 0.08 | [0.07, 0.08] | 0.09 | 0.69 | 0.68 |
Four-factor model2 g | 3241.569 | 1169 | 0.00 | 0.08 | [0.07, 0.08] | 0.09 | 0.67 | 0.65 |
Four-factor model1 f | 3284.148 | 1169 | 0.00 | 0.08 | [0.08, 0.09] | 0.10 | 0.66 | 0.64 |
Three-factor model2 e | 4138.958 | 1172 | 0.00 | 0.09 | [0.09, 0.10] | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
Three-factor model1 d | 4154.705 | 1172 | 0.00 | 0.10 | [0.09, 0.10] | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
Two-factor model 2 c | 4561.390 | 1174 | 0.00 | 0.10 | [0.10, 0.11] | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.43 |
Two-factor model 1 b | 4668.066 | 1174 | 0.00 | 0.11 | [0.10, 0.11] | 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.42 |
One-factor model a | 5148.710 | 1175 | 0.00 | 0.11 | [0.10, 0.12] | 0.13 | 0.36 | 0.33 |
Model (Outcome) | χ2 | df | p | RMSEA | SRMR | CFI | TLI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 1693.076 | 948 | 0.000 | 0.05 [0.05,0.06] | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Standardized direct and indirect effects | |||||||
Effects—Model 1 | Estimate | S.E. | 95% CI | ||||
Remote working → Technostress | 0.23 ** | 0.07 | [0.09,0.39] | ||||
Age → Technostress | 0.22 ** | 0.07 | [0.09,0.36] | ||||
Colleagues positive for COVID-19 → Technostress | 0.06 | 0.07 | [−0.07,0.19] | ||||
Age → Working excessively | −0.21 ** | 0.07 | [−0.36, −0.11] | ||||
Gender → Working excessively | 0.17 * | 0.08 | [0.05,0.27] | ||||
Working excessively → Work-family conflict | 0.45 *** | 0.07 | [0.31,0.58] | ||||
Gender → Work-family conflict | 0.02 | 0.05 | [−0.09,0.13] | ||||
COVID-19 positivity → Work-family conflict | 0.08 | 0.05 | [−0.01,0.18] | ||||
Technostress → Work-family conflict | 0.36 *** | 0.07 | [0.23,0.50] | ||||
Technostress → Working excessively | 0.43 *** | 0.07 | [0.13,0.64] | ||||
Technostress → Working excessively → Work-family conflict | 0.17 * | 0.04 | [0.10,0.28] | ||||
Total effects on work-family conflict | 0.56 *** | 0.06 | [0.44,0.68] | ||||
Remote working → Fear of COVID-19 | 0.08 | 0.06 | [−0.03,0.20] | ||||
Gender → Fear of COVID-19 | 0.17 ** | 0.06 | [0.05,0.29] | ||||
Loss of loved ones → Psycho-physical distress | 0.59 *** | 0.19 | [0.36,0.66] | ||||
Ag e→ Fear of COVID-19 | 0.07 | 0.06 | [−0.05,0.19] | ||||
Fear of COVID-19 → Psycho-physical distress | 0.38 *** | 0.07 | [0.24,0.56] | ||||
Gender → Psycho-physical distress | 0.16 ** | 0.06 | [0.05,0.27] | ||||
Age → Psycho-physical distress | −0.23 *** | 0.06 | [−0.36, −0.11] | ||||
Technostress → Psycho-physical distress | 0.26 ** | 0.08 | [0.10,0.41] | ||||
Technostress → Fear of COVID-19 | 0.27 * | 0.07 | [0.13,0.44] | ||||
Technostress → Fear of COVID-19 → Psycho-physical distress | 0.09 ** | 0.03 | [0.02,0.16] | ||||
Total effects on psycho-physical distress | 0.35 *** | 0.08 | [0.19,0.51] |
Paths | Effects | |
---|---|---|
Estimate | S.E. | |
Remote working→ Technostress | 0.23 *** | 0.06 |
Age→ Technostress | 0.22 *** | 0.06 |
Colleagues’ positivity for COVID-19→ Technostress | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Age→ Working excessively | −0.21 ** | 0.07 |
Gender→ Working excessively | 0.12 * | 0.05 |
Technostress→ Working excessively | 0.43 *** | 0.07 |
Working excessively → Work-family conflict | 0.39 *** | 0.07 |
Gender→ Work-family conflict | −0.01 | 0.05 |
Personal positivity for COVID-19→ Work-family conflict | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Gender→ Resilience | −0.15 * | 0.02 |
Resilience→ Work-family conflict | −0.11 | 0.09 |
Working excessively × Resilience→ Work-family conflict | −0.20 ** | 0.07 |
Technostress→ Work-family conflict | 0.36 *** | 0.06 |
Remote working→ Fear of COVID-19 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Gender→ Fear of COVID-19 | 0.20 ** | 0.06 |
Age→ Fear of COVID-19 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Technostress→ Fear of COVID-19 | 0.27 *** | 0.07 |
Fear of COVID-19→ Psycho-physical distress | 0.29 *** | 0.07 |
Fear of COVID-19 × Loss→ Psycho-physical distress | 0.32 ** | 0.12 |
Loss→ Psycho-physical distress | 0.59 ** | 0.19 |
Gender→ Psycho-physical distress | 0.16 ** | 0.05 |
Age→ Psycho-physical distress | −0.20 *** | 0.06 |
Techno-distress→ Psycho-physical distress | 0.21 *** | 0.06 |
Technostress→ Working excessively × Low Resilience →Work-family conflict | 0.46 *** | 0.11 |
Technostress→ Working excessively × Moderate Resilience → Work-family conflict | 0.31 *** | 0.08 |
Technostress→ Working excessively × High Resilience→ Work-family conflict | 0.15 | 0.09 |
Total effects for Low Resilience | 1.12 *** | 0.07 |
Total effects for Moderate Resilience | 0.97 *** | 0.13 |
Total effects for High Resilience | 0.81 *** | 0.13 |
Technostress→ Fear of COVID-19 × No loss of a loved one→ Psycho-physical distress | −0.04 | 0.02 |
Technostress→ Fear of COVID-19 × Loss of a loved one→ Psycho-physical distress | 0.08 ** | 0.02 |
Total effects for no loss of a loved one | 0.11 *** | 0.04 |
Total effects for loss of a loved one | 0.20 *** | 0.04 |
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Sommovigo, V.; Bernuzzi, C.; Finstad, G.L.; Setti, I.; Gabanelli, P.; Giorgi, G.; Fiabane, E. How and When May Technostress Impact Workers’ Psycho-Physical Health and Work-Family Interface? A Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021266
Sommovigo V, Bernuzzi C, Finstad GL, Setti I, Gabanelli P, Giorgi G, Fiabane E. How and When May Technostress Impact Workers’ Psycho-Physical Health and Work-Family Interface? A Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021266
Chicago/Turabian StyleSommovigo, Valentina, Chiara Bernuzzi, Georgia Libera Finstad, Ilaria Setti, Paola Gabanelli, Gabriele Giorgi, and Elena Fiabane. 2023. "How and When May Technostress Impact Workers’ Psycho-Physical Health and Work-Family Interface? A Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021266