Combining Contamination Indices and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Metal Pollution Evaluation during the Last Century in Lacustrine Sediments of Lacu Sărat Lake, Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Pollution Indices
2.4. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. 226Ra and 210Pb Concentrations
3.2. Age Depth Model of the Sediment Cores
3.3. Sedimentation Rates
3.4. Temporal Distribution (Historical Changes) of Heavy Metals
3.5. Geo-Accumulation Index
3.6. Contamination Factor
3.7. Degree of Contamination, Modified Degree of Contamination, Metal Pollution Index and Pollution Load Index
3.8. Potential Ecological Risk
3.9. Enrichment Factor
3.10. Comparison between SQGs, TEL, TEC, ERL, PEL, PEC, ERM
3.11. Toxic Units (TUs) and Toxic Risk Index (TRI)
3.12. Human Health Risk Assessment
3.13. Statistical Analysis of the Heavy Metals Content in Sediments
3.14. Sources of Metal Contamination in Lacu Sărat Area
4. Conclusions
- The results highlight a higher input of metals between 1950 and 1990, attributed to the rapid economic growth and intensive industrial development from the communist regime.
- The variation patterns identified through PCA and HCA analysis show clear correlations among the investigated metals, highlighting a strong dependency with their sources (lithogenic and anthropogenic).
- Based on the obtained results the superficial sediments from Lacu Sărat Lake are slightly polluted with heavy metals. Among them, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni pose a moderate risk despite considerable contamination occurring between 1970 and 1985. The results also suggest a significant accumulation of Cr and As that may need more attention to be paid for the risk assessment.
- The temporal distribution of the toxic units indicates a significant contribution of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg to the potential acute toxicity between 2007 and 2014, whereas for Cr, Cu, and Ni the highest values were observed in the period of industrialization. The values of the toxic risk index show that Ni, Cr, and As had the higher potential toxicity for the ecosystems in the Lacu Sărat Lake area.
- Sediment quality guidelines were also applied, and the results emphasize that the environment in Lacu Sărat Lake presents a risk concerning the life and proper development of benthic organisms.
- Lacu Sărat Lake has a balneo-climateric function and represents one of the most valuable touristic attractions in Romania. Therefore, multiple scenarios were used in order to assess the health risk for both adults and children considering the dermal contact and the incidental ingestion of sediments from Lacu Sărat Lake. These scenarios indicate that it is unlikely that the measured contaminants levels in the sediment samples will pose acute adverse effects on the potentially exposed population groups. On the other hand, the incidental ingestion lifetime carcinogenic risks for As in the scenario of adults’ exposure and for Cr in both adults’ and children’s exposure scenarios suggest a potential risk of developing cancer during their lifetime.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Igeo Mn | Igeo Zn | Igeo Al | Igeo Cu | Igeo Pb | Igeo Cr | Igeo As | Igeo Cd | Igeo Ni | Igeo Co | Igeo Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||||||||||
2014 | −1.220 | −1.240 | −15.550 | −1.270 | −1.290 | −0.350 | 0.310 | −2.900 | −0.600 | −1.560 | −15.130 | |
2007 | −0.540 | −0.900 | −15.100 | −1.030 | −0.860 | −0.130 | 0.830 | −2.320 | −0.070 | −0.850 | −14.690 | |
1996 | −0.080 | −1.150 | −14.630 | −0.780 | −1.300 | 0.380 | 1.240 | −2.900 | 0.050 | −0.570 | −14.300 | |
1988 | −0.370 | −1.380 | −14.720 | −0.980 | −1.580 | 0.230 | 0.900 | −2.900 | −0.180 | −0.820 | −14.480 | |
1981 | −0.540 | −0.850 | −14.360 | −0.520 | −0.990 | 0.520 | 0.870 | −2.900 | 0.440 | −0.290 | −14.040 | |
1977 | −0.370 | −0.540 | −14.180 | −0.240 | −0.840 | 0.760 | 0.790 | −2.320 | 0.410 | −0.210 | −13.830 | |
1974 | −0.370 | −1.240 | −14.530 | −0.990 | −1.560 | 0.230 | 0.720 | −2.900 | −0.040 | −0.540 | −14.320 | |
1969 | −0.080 | −0.980 | −14.420 | −0.480 | −1.110 | 0.380 | 0.460 | −2.900 | 0.190 | −0.380 | −14.110 | |
1964 | −0.370 | −1.030 | −14.570 | −0.510 | −1.210 | 0.230 | 0.370 | −2.900 | 0.200 | −0.450 | −14.190 | |
1960 | −0.370 | −1.310 | −14.710 | −0.880 | −1.500 | 0.230 | 0.760 | −2.900 | −0.020 | −0.630 | −14.410 | |
1953 | −0.080 | −1.240 | −14.660 | −0.930 | −1.460 | 0.060 | 0.900 | −2.900 | −0.050 | −0.630 | −14.410 | |
1945 | 0.270 | −1.030 | −14.550 | −0.670 | −1.220 | 0.230 | 1.370 | −2.900 | 0.090 | −0.420 | −14.230 | |
1931 | 0.160 | −1.150 | −14.670 | −0.970 | −1.320 | 0.060 | 1.880 | −2.900 | −0.040 | −0.580 | −14.430 | |
1918 | 0.050 | −1.120 | −14.730 | −1.070 | −1.500 | 0.520 | 1.830 | −2.900 | −0.220 | −0.720 | −14.550 |
Element | Mn (mg/kg) | Cr (mg/kg) | Co (mg/kg) | Cu (mg/kg) | Pb (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | Ni (mg/kg) | As (mg/kg) | Cd (mg/kg) | Hg (mg/kg) | Al (mg/kg) | Fe (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth | |||||||||||||
1 cm | 387.3 | 41.060 | 5.100 | 15.500 | 12.300 | 45.000 | 19.800 | 2.800 | 0.200 | 0.040 | 2.510 | 1.460 | |
3 cm | 619.7 | 47.910 | 8.300 | 18.300 | 16.500 | 57.00 | 28.500 | 4.000 | 0.300 | 0.050 | 3.430 | 1.990 | |
6 cm | 852.1 | 68.44 | 10.100 | 21.900 | 12.200 | 48.000 | 31.000 | 5.300 | 0.200 | 0.020 | 4.750 | 2.600 | |
9 cm | 697.1 | 61.60 | 8.500 | 19.000 | 10.000 | 41.000 | 26.400 | 4.200 | 0.200 | 0.010 | 4.470 | 2.290 | |
12 cm | 619.7 | 75.29 | 12.300 | 26.200 | 15.100 | 59.00 | 40.800 | 4.100 | 0.200 | 0.030 | 5.730 | 3.120 | |
15 cm | 697.1 | 88.98 | 13.000 | 31.700 | 16.700 | 73.00 | 39.900 | 3.900 | 0.300 | 0.020 | 6.500 | 3.610 | |
18 cm | 697.1 | 61.60 | 10.300 | 18.900 | 10.200 | 45.000 | 29.200 | 3.700 | 0.200 | LDL | 5.090 | 2.560 | |
21 cm | 852.1 | 68.44 | 11.500 | 26.900 | 13.900 | 54.00 | 34.200 | 3.100 | 0.200 | 0.010 | 5.490 | 2.970 | |
24 cm | 697.1 | 61.60 | 11.000 | 26.300 | 13.000 | 52.00 | 34.400 | 2.900 | 0.200 | 0.010 | 4.970 | 2.820 | |
27 cm | 852.1 | 61.60 | 9.700 | 20.400 | 10.600 | 43.000 | 29.500 | 3.800 | 0.200 | 0.010 | 4.510 | 2.420 | |
30 cm | 852.1 | 54.75 | 9.700 | 19.700 | 10.900 | 45.000 | 29.000 | 4.200 | 0.200 | 0.020 | 4.660 | 2.410 | |
33 cm | 1084.4 | 61.60 | 11.200 | 23.600 | 12.900 | 52.00 | 31.900 | 5.800 | 0.200 | 0.020 | 5.010 | 2.730 | |
36 cm | 1006.9 | 54.75 | 10.000 | 19.100 | 12.000 | 48.000 | 29.200 | 8.300 | 0.200 | LDL | 4.620 | 2.390 | |
39 cm | 929.5 | 75.29 | 9.100 | 17.800 | 10.600 | 49.000 | 25.800 | 8.000 | 0.200 | 0.010 | 4.430 | 2.200 | |
TEL a | - | 37.300 | - | 35.700 | 35 | 123 | 18 | 5.900 | 0.590 | 0.170 | - | - | |
PEL b | - | 90 | - | 197 | 91.30 | 315 | 36 | 17 | 3.530 | 0.480 | - | - | |
m-PEL-Q c | - | 0.700 | - | 0.110 | 0.140 | 0.160 | 0.850 | 0.270 | 0.060 | 0.040 | - | - | |
ERL d | - | 80 | - | 70 | 35 | 120 | 30 | 33 | 5 | 0.150 | - | - | |
ERM e | - | 145.0 | - | 390 | 110 | 270 | 50 | 85 | 9 | 1.300 | - | - | |
m-ERM-Q f | - | 7.010 | - | 0.060 | 0.110 | 0.190 | 0.610 | 0.050 | 0.020 | 0.020 | - | - | |
TEC g | - | 43.400 | - | 31.600 | 35.800 | 121 | 22.700 | 9.790 | 0.990 | 0.180 | - | - | |
PEC h | - | 111 | - | 149 | 128 | 459 | 48.600 | 33.000 | 4.980 | 1.060 | - | - | |
SQGQs i | - | 0.630 | - | 0.550 | 0.150 | 0.340 | 0.880 | 0.160 | 0.270 | 0.070 | - | - |
Risks Dermal Exposure | Receptor | Heavy Metal | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | As | Cu | Zn | Cr | Al | Ni | Mn | Hg | Fe | Co | ||
Dermal Hazard Quotient (HQdermal) | Adult | 1.503 × 10−2 | 9.320 × 10−1 | 1.410 | 1.700 × 10−3 | 6.340 × 10−4 | 4.250 | 1.110 × 10−5 | 1.130 × 10−1 | 3.350 × 10−1 | 9.320 × 10−4 | 9.200 × 10−6 | 8.330 × 10−2 |
Children | 3.150 × 10−2 | 1.920 × 10−3 | 8.690 × 10−2 | 3.500 × 10−3 | 1.300 × 10−3 | 1.140 × 10−1 | 2.280 × 10−5 | 9.260 × 10−3 | 2.760 × 10−2 | 1.920 × 10−3 | 1.890 × 10−5 | 1.710 × 10−1 | |
Ingestion Hazard Quotient (HQingestion) | Adult | 1.960 × 10−3 | 1.190 × 10−4 | 5.410 × 10−3 | 2.180 × 10−4 | 8.120 × 10−5 | 7.080 × 10−3 | 1.420 × 10−6 | 5.770 × 10−4 | 1.720 × 10−3 | 1.190 × 10−4 | 1.180 × 10−6 | 1.070 × 10−2 |
Children | 6.760 × 10−3 | 4.110 × 10−4 | 1.860 × 10−2 | 7.510 × 10−4 | 2.790 × 10−4 | 2.440 × 10−2 | 4.880 × 10−6 | 1.980 × 10−3 | 5.910 × 10−3 | 4.110 × 10−4 | 4.060 × 10−6 | 3.670 × 10−2 | |
Non-carcinogenic Dermal Risk (HIdermal) | Adult | 1.050 × 10−1 | |||||||||||
Children | 4.490 × 10−1 | ||||||||||||
Non-carcinogenic Ingestion Risk (HIingestion) | Adult | 2.800 × 10−2 | |||||||||||
Children | 9.620 × 10−2 | ||||||||||||
Lifetime—Dermal Carcinogenic Risk | Adult | - | - | 2.440 × 10−7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Children | - | - | 1.170 × 10−7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Lifetime—Ingestion Carcinogenic Risk | Adult | 2.500 × 10−8 | 3.220 × 10−7 | 1.040 × 10−6 | - | - | 4.550 × 10−6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Children | 2.010 × 10−8 | 2.590 × 10−7 | 8.380 × 10−7 | - | - | 3.660 × 10−6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Cumulative Non-Carcinogenic Risk | Adult | 1.330 × 10−1 | |||||||||||
Children | 5.450 × 10−1 | ||||||||||||
Cumulative Carcinogenic Risk | Adult | 2.500 × 10−8 | 3.220 × 10−7 | 1.290 × 10−6 | - | - | 4.550 × 10−6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Children | 2.010 × 10−8 | 2.590 × 10−7 | 9.560 × 10−7 | - | - | 3.660 × 10−6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Ganea, I.-V.; Bălc, R.; Begy, R.-C.; Tanțău, I.; Gligor, D.M. Combining Contamination Indices and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Metal Pollution Evaluation during the Last Century in Lacustrine Sediments of Lacu Sărat Lake, Romania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021342
Ganea I-V, Bălc R, Begy R-C, Tanțău I, Gligor DM. Combining Contamination Indices and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Metal Pollution Evaluation during the Last Century in Lacustrine Sediments of Lacu Sărat Lake, Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021342
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanea, Iolanda-Veronica, Ramona Bălc, Robert-Csaba Begy, Ioan Tanțău, and Delia Maria Gligor. 2023. "Combining Contamination Indices and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Metal Pollution Evaluation during the Last Century in Lacustrine Sediments of Lacu Sărat Lake, Romania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021342