Household Dietary Diversity among the Ethnic Minority Groups in the Mekong Delta: Evidence for the Development of Public Health and Nutrition Policy in Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design, Settings and Participants
2.2. Sample Size and Sampling Technique
2.3. Data Collection Procedures
2.4. Measurement of Study Variables
2.5. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
3. Ethical Consideration
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of the Participated Households and Household Dietary Diversity
4.2. Associated Factors of Household Dietary Diversity
5. Discussion
5.1. Household Dietary Diversity among Khmer Households
5.2. Associated Factors of Household Dietary Diversity among Khmer Ethnic Group
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
aOR | Adjusted odds ratio |
CI | Confidence interval |
DDS | Dietary diversity scores |
HDDS | Household dietary diversity score |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
EPI Info | epidemiological information |
SPSS | Statistical package for social sciences |
USD | United States Dollar |
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Variables | Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|---|
Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics | |||
Research site | Co To | 81 | 20.1 |
An Tuc | 80 | 19.9 | |
O Lam | 241 | 60.0 | |
Sex of household head | Male | 240 | 59.7 |
Education level of household head | Illiteracy (Vietnamese) | 88 | 21.9 |
Age of household head | >65 | 40 | 10.0 |
41–65 | 219 | 54.5 | |
18–40 | 143 | 35.6 | |
Main occupation of household head | Farmer | 116 | 28.9 |
Worker in company | 7 | 1.7 | |
Daily laborer | 136 | 33.8 | |
Small trader | 64 | 15.9 | |
Housewife | 74 | 18.4 | |
Government employed | 5 | 1.2 | |
Household income (million Vietnamese Dong/month) a | ≤2.0 | 99 | 24.6 |
2.1–4.0 | 249 | 61.9 | |
4.1–6.0 | 34 | 8.5 | |
>6.0 | 20 | 5.0 | |
Media exposure on nutrition and health b | Yes | 177 | 44.0 |
Vegetable farm owner | Yes | 142 | 35.3 |
Rice farm owner | Yes | 168 | 41.8 |
Dietary diversity characteristics | |||
Dietary diversity | Diversified | 316 | 78.6 |
Dietary diversity level | Low | 86 | 21.4 |
Medium | 283 | 70.4 | |
High | 33 | 8.2 | |
Frequency of eating (per day) | Two times | 244 | 60.7 |
Three times | 154 | 38.3 | |
Four times and above | 4 | 1.0 | |
Breakfast eaten | Yes | 224 | 55.7 |
Variables | Dietary Diversity | OR (95% CI) *** | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Diversified * n (%) | Diversified ** n (%) | |||
Research site | ||||
Co To † | 23 (28.4) | 58 (71.6) | 1 | |
An Tuc | 14 (17.5) | 66 (82.5) | 1.87 (0.88–3.97) | 0.103 |
O Lam | 49 (20.3) | 192 (79.7) | 1.55 (0.87–2.76) | 0.134 |
Sex of household head | ||||
Female † | 53 (32.7) | 109 (67.3) | 1 | |
Male | 33 (13.8) | 207 (86.2) | 3.05 (1.86–4.99) | 0.000 |
Education level of household head | ||||
Illiteracy (Vietnamese) † | 47 (53.4) | 41 (46.6) | 1 | |
Literacy (Vietnamese) | 39 (12.4) | 275 (87.6) | 8.08 (4.73–13.82) | 0.000 |
Age (years) | ||||
65+ † | 17 (42.5) | 23 (57.5) | 1 | |
41–64 | 40 (18.3) | 179 (81.7) | 3.31 (1.62–6.76) | 0.001 |
18–40 | 29 (20.3) | 114 (79.7) | 2.91 (1.38–6.14) | 0.005 |
Main occupation of household head | ||||
Non-farmer † | 68 (23.8) | 218 (76.2) | 1 | |
Farmer | 18 (15.5) | 98 (84.5) | 1.70 (0.96–3.01) | 0.069 |
Household income (million Vietnamese Dong/month) | ||||
≤2.0 † | 40 (40.4) | 59 (59.6) | 1 | |
2.1–4.0 | 40 (16.1) | 209 (83.9) | 3.54 (2.10–5.99) | 0.000 |
4.1–6.0 | 4 (11.8) | 30 (88.2) | 5.09 (1.66–15.55) | 0.004 |
>6.0 | 2 (10.0) | 18 (90.0) | 6.10 (1.34–27.76) | 0.019 |
Media exposure on nutrition and health | ||||
No † | 58 (25.8) | 167 (74.2) | 1 | |
Yes | 28 (15.8) | 149 (84.2) | 1.85 (1.12–3.05) | 0.017 |
Vegetable farm owner | ||||
No † | 58 (22.3) | 202 (77.7) | 1 | |
Yes | 28 (19.7) | 114 (80.3) | 1.17 (0.71–1.94) | 0.545 |
Rice farm owner | ||||
No † | 52 (22.2) | 182 (77.8) | 1 | |
Yes | 34 (20.2) | 134 (79.8) | 1.13 (0.69–1.83) | 0.632 |
Frequency of eating (per day) | ||||
Two times † | 65 (26.6) | 179 (73.4) | 1 | |
Three times and above | 21 (13.3) | 137 (86.7) | 2.37 (1.38–4.07) | 0.002 |
Breakfast eaten | ||||
No † | 51 (28.7) | 127 (71.3) | 1 | |
Yes | 35 (15.6) | 189 (84.4) | 2.17 (1.34–3.52) | 0.002 |
Variables | aOR (95% CI) * | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Sex of household head | ||
Female † | 1 | |
Male | 3.34 (1.86–5.98) | 0.000 |
Education level of household head | ||
Illiteracy (Vietnamese) † | 1 | |
Literacy (Vietnamese) | 9.32 (5.06–17.16) | 0.000 |
Household income (million Vietnamese Dong/month) | ||
≤2.0 † | 1 | |
2.1–4.0 | 2.87 (1.56–5.29) | 0.001 |
4.1–6.0 | 3.64 (1.03–12.93) | 0.046 |
>6.0 | 6.27 (1.09–36.06) | 0.040 |
Media exposure on nutrition and health | ||
No † | 1 | |
Yes | 1.89 (1.04–3.41) | 0.036 |
Frequency of eating (per day) | ||
Two times † | 1 | |
Three times and above | 2.12 (1.13–3.98) | 0.019 |
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Le, H.N.; Nguyen, K.V.; Phung, H.; Hoang, N.T.D.; Tran, D.T.; Mwanri, L. Household Dietary Diversity among the Ethnic Minority Groups in the Mekong Delta: Evidence for the Development of Public Health and Nutrition Policy in Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020932
Le HN, Nguyen KV, Phung H, Hoang NTD, Tran DT, Mwanri L. Household Dietary Diversity among the Ethnic Minority Groups in the Mekong Delta: Evidence for the Development of Public Health and Nutrition Policy in Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020932
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe, Hiep N., Kien V. Nguyen, Hai Phung, Ngan T. D. Hoang, Duong T. Tran, and Lillian Mwanri. 2023. "Household Dietary Diversity among the Ethnic Minority Groups in the Mekong Delta: Evidence for the Development of Public Health and Nutrition Policy in Vietnam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020932