Demand–Resource Profiles and Job Satisfaction in the Healthcare Sector: A Person-Centered Examination Using Bayesian Informative Hypothesis Testing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background: The JD–R Model and Job Satisfaction
1.2. The Interplay among Different Levels of Job Demands and Resources
1.3. JD–R Profiles in the Healthcare Sector
1.4. Association between JD–R Profiles and Employee Well-Being
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Job Demands
Workload
Patient Demands
Emotional Dissonance
Physical Demands
2.2.2. Job Resources
Control
Management Support
Peers’ Support
2.2.3. Employee Well-Being
Job Satisfaction
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics Results
3.2. Psychometric Characteristics of the Tools
3.3. Latent Profile Analysis Results
3.4. Characteristics of the JD–R Profiles
3.5. Association between JD–R Profiles and Job Satisfaction
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications for Practice in the COVID-19 Era
4.2. Study Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) | Skew | Kurt | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Workload | 2.4 (0.8) | 0.43 | −1.16 | (0.78) | |||||||
2. Emotional dissonance | 3.2 (0.8) | −0.25 | −0.23 | 0.45 *** | (0.68) | ||||||
3. Patient demands | 3.3 (0.8) | −0.33 | −0.11 | 0.06 * | −0.02 | (0.85) | |||||
4. Physical demands | 3.0 (1.0) | −0.10 | −0.80 | −0.07 ** | 0.11 *** | 0.57 *** | (0.70) | ||||
5. Control | 3.5 (0.9) | −0.50 | −0.02 | −0.42 *** | −0.10 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.04 | (0.82) | |||
6. Peers’ support | 3.7 (0.8) | −0.70 | 0.59 | −0.39 *** | −0.20 *** | 0.02 | 0.14 *** | 0.48 *** | (0.86) | ||
7. Management support | 3.5 (1.1) | −0.55 | −0.45 | −0.36 *** | −0.10 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.54 *** | (0.90) | |
8. Job satisfaction | 3.8 (1.0) | −0.73 | −0.01 | −0.25 *** | −0.40 *** | 0.07 * | 0.02 | 0.26 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.33 *** | - |
Number of Profiles | AIC | CAIC | BIC | SABIC | AWE | LRT (p) | AdjLRT (p) | Entropy | Smallest Profile (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 24,766 | 24,853 | 24,839 | 24,794 | 24,982 | - | - | - | - |
2 | 23,724 | 23,860 | 23,838 | 23,768 | 24,062 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.722 | 35.3 |
3 | 23,409 | 23,594 | 23,564 | 23,469 | 23,870 | >0.05 | >0.05 | 0.703 | 14.4 |
4 | 23,095 | 23,330 | 23,292 | 23,171 | 23,679 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.729 | 8.9 |
5 | 22,849 | 23,134 | 23,088 | 22,942 | 23,556 | >0.05 | >0.05 | 0.774 | 7.1 |
6 | 22,627 | 22,961 | 22,907 | 22,736 | 23,458 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.774 | 5.6 |
7 | 22,502 | 22,886 | 22,824 | 22,627 | 23,455 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.768 | 5 |
8 | 22,420 | 22,853 | 22,783 | 22,560 | 23,496 | >0.05 | >0.05 | 0.762 | 4 |
Variable | Resourceless M (SE) | Resourceful M (SE) | High Strain–Isolated M (SE) | Active Job on the Ward M (SE) | F Value | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Workload | 0.5 (0.1) a | −0.6 (0.04) b | 0.6 (0.03) a | −0.5 (0.03) b | 292.13 *** | 0.40 |
Emotional dissonance | −0.2 (0.1) bc | −0.1 (0.1) b | 0.4 (0.03) a | −0.4 (0.04) c | 88.52 *** | 0.17 |
Physical demands | −1.3 (0.1) d | −0.7 (0.04) c | 0.2 (0.03) b | 0.7 (0.03) a | 416.29 *** | 0.49 |
Patient demands | −1.1 (0.1) d | −0.8 (0.04) c | 0.2 (0.03) b | 0.7 (0.04) a | 385.78 *** | 0.47 |
Control | −1.1 (0.1) d | 0.6 (0.04) a | −0.4 (0.03) c | 0.4 (0.04) b | 230.41 *** | 0.34 |
Peers’ support | −1.1 (0.1) c | 0.6 (0.04) a | −0.5 (0.03) b | 0.5 (0.04) a | 314.40 *** | 0.42 |
Management support | −1.5 (0.1) d | 0.4 (0.04) b | −0.4 (0.03) c | 0.6 (0.04) a | 333.34 *** | 0.43 |
Variable | Resourceless | Resourceful | High Strain–Isolated | Active Job on the Ward | Test Statistic | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (N, %) | χ2(3) = 8.63 * | 0.08 a | ||||
Male | 40 (35.7) | 69 (24.1) | 131 (25.2) | 120 (30.5) | ||
Female | 72 (64.3) | 217 (75.9) | 389 (74.8) | 273 (69.5) | ||
Age (N, %) | χ2(6) = 27.17 *** | 0.10 b | ||||
Up to 30 | 4 (3.6) | 13 (4.5) | 28 (5.4) | 34 (8.6) | ||
31 to 50 | 67 (60.4) | 126 (43.9) | 277 (53.4) | 226 (57.4) | ||
More than 50 | 40 (36) | 148 (51.6) | 214 (41.2) | 134 (34) | ||
Type of contract (N, %) | χ2(12) = 17.36 | 0.12 b | ||||
Permanent | 106 (94.6) | 268 (93.4) | 490 (94.2) | 358 (90.9) | ||
Fixed term | 4 (3.6) | 10 (3.5) | 24 (4.6) | 21 (5.3) | ||
Collaboration | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (1) | ||
Temporary | 0 (0) | 6 (2.1) | 3 (0.6) | 8 (2) | ||
Other | 2 (1.8) | 3 (1) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.8) | ||
Shift work (N, %) | χ2(3) = 115.11 *** | 0.30 a | ||||
Yes | 77 (68.1) | 100 (34.8) | 350 (67.2) | 285 (72.3) | ||
No | 36 (31.9) | 187 (65.2) | 171 (32.8) | 109 (27.7) | ||
Organizational tenure in years (M, SD) | 16 (9.7) | 18.9 (11.3) | 16.2 (11.2) | 14.8 (11.6) | F(3) = 7.51 *** | 0.02 c |
Informative Hypotheses | (In)Equality Constraints | Bayes Factor (BF) | Posterior Model Probability (PMP) |
---|---|---|---|
H0 | µActive = µResful = µResless = µStrain | 0.00 | 0.00 |
H1 | µActive > µResful > µResless > µStrain | 23.08 | 0.45 |
H2 | µResful > µActive > µResless > µStrain | 0.00 | 0.00 |
H3 | µActive > µResful > µStrain > µResless | 1.23 | 0.02 |
H4 | µActive > µResful > µResless = µStrain | 27.43 | 0.53 |
H5 | µActive = µResful > µStrain = µResless | 0.02 | 0.00 |
H6 | µResful > µActive > µStrain > µResless | 0.00 | 0.00 |
H7 | µActive = µResful > µResless > µStrain | 0.01 | 0.00 |
H8 | µActive = µResful > µStrain > µResless | 0.00 | 0.00 |
H9 | µResful > µActive > µResless = µStrain | 0.00 | 0.00 |
BF4,1 | 1.19 |
Comparisons | Mean Difference (SE) | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|
Resourceless | Resourceful | −0.33 (0.1) | −0.34 ** |
High strain–isolated | 0.16 (0.1) | 0.17 | |
Active job on the ward | −0.66 (0.1) | −0.68 *** | |
Resourceful | High strain–isolated | 0.50 (0.1) | 0.51 *** |
Active job on the ward | −0.33 (0.1) | −0.33 *** | |
High strain–isolated | Active job on the ward | −0.82 (0.1) | −0.84 *** |
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Marzocchi, I.; Ghezzi, V.; Di Tecco, C.; Ronchetti, M.; Ciampa, V.; Olivo, I.; Barbaranelli, C. Demand–Resource Profiles and Job Satisfaction in the Healthcare Sector: A Person-Centered Examination Using Bayesian Informative Hypothesis Testing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020967
Marzocchi I, Ghezzi V, Di Tecco C, Ronchetti M, Ciampa V, Olivo I, Barbaranelli C. Demand–Resource Profiles and Job Satisfaction in the Healthcare Sector: A Person-Centered Examination Using Bayesian Informative Hypothesis Testing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020967
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzocchi, Ivan, Valerio Ghezzi, Cristina Di Tecco, Matteo Ronchetti, Valeria Ciampa, Ilaria Olivo, and Claudio Barbaranelli. 2023. "Demand–Resource Profiles and Job Satisfaction in the Healthcare Sector: A Person-Centered Examination Using Bayesian Informative Hypothesis Testing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020967