Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners regarding Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Silicosis in Zimbabwe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. General Setting
2.3. Specific Setting
2.4. Screening for TB/HIV and Silicosis
2.5. Mobilization of ASMs for WBS
2.6. Study Population
2.7. Sampling Procedure
2.8. Data Variables, Sources of Data, and Data Collection
2.9. Data Analysis
2.10. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding HIV, TB, and Silicosis among ASMs
4.1. Knowledge about HIV, TB, and Silicosis
4.2. Attitudes and Practices among ASMs regarding HIV, TB, and Silicosis
4.3. Key Challenges in Accessing Medical Care
4.4. Possibilities of Reducing TB, HIV, and Silicosis among ASMs
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Number ((%) §) | |
---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 602 (92) |
Female | 43 (7) | |
Not recorded | 7 (1) | |
Age category in years | <20 | 34 (5) |
20–24 | 102 (16) | |
25–34 | 236 (36) | |
35–44 | 167 (26) | |
≥45 | 101 (15) | |
Not recorded | 12 (2) | |
Level of education | None | 37 (6) |
Primary | 104 (16) | |
Secondary | 454 (70) | |
Tertiary | 45 (7) | |
Not recorded | 12 (1) | |
District of operation | Gwanda | 362 (56) |
Chirumhanzu | 236 (36) | |
Gweru | 54 (8) | |
Years as a miner (n = 609) | <5 | 262 (43) |
5–9.9 | 169 (28) | |
≥10 | 178 (29) |
Characteristic | No (%) ⁑ | Yes (%) ⁑ | I Don’t Know (%) ⁑ |
---|---|---|---|
TB can be cured (n = 633) | 18 (3) | 504 (80) | 111 (17) |
Dust generated during mining can cause TB | 30 (5) | 571 (88) | 50 (8) |
HIV increase chances of contracting TB | 73 (11) | 340 (52) | 236 (36) |
ASM have higher risk of getting TB compared to general population | 40 (6) | 564 (87) | 48 (7) |
Silica dust causes permanent and incurable lung disease (n = 650) | 81 (13) | 382 (59) | 187 (29) |
Silicosis can be transmitted from one person to the other (n = 648) | 192 (30) | 224 (35) | 232 (36) |
The risk of getting TB is low in ASMs | 332 (51) | 226 (35) | 89 (14) |
Use of a piece of cloth to cover one’s mouth and nose is a good way to prevent dust inhalation. | 189 (29) | 434 (67) | 28 (4) |
Drinking milk or juice clears dust in the lungs and prevents TB. | 135 (21) | 434 (67) | 82 (13) |
Characteristic | No (%) ⁑ | Yes (%) ⁑ | I Don’t Know (%) |
---|---|---|---|
It is crucial for ASMs to have yearly tests for TB, HIV, OLDs | 6 (1) | 625 (96) | 21 (3) |
It is necessary to buy special respirators to prevent dust inhalation | 29 (4) | 595 (91) | 28 (4) |
Wearing a respirator, not a piece of cloth during mining, is good. | 28 (4) | 574 (88) | 48 (8) |
It is important for ASMs to always have access to condoms. | 50 (8) | 584 (90) | 16 (2) |
It is possible to reduce HIV, TB, and silicosis in mining. | 68 (11) | 475 (73) | 106 (16) |
It is important to always seek medical treatment when one is not feeling well. | 15 (2) | 620 (97) | 7 (1) |
I would participate if TB, HIV, and silicosis screening services were brought to mining sites. | 14 (2) | 620 (97) | 6 (1) |
Characteristic | Number (%) § | |
---|---|---|
Method for preventing dust inhalation (n = 646) | Nothing | 117 (18) |
A piece of cloth | 447 (69) | |
Special respirators | 82 (13) | |
Frequency of use of cloth or respirator (n = 532) | Rarely | 53 (10) |
Sometimes | 231 (43) | |
Most of the times | 89 (17) | |
Every time | 159 (30) | |
Use water to suppress dust (n = 645) | Never | 322 (50) |
Sometimes | 186 (29) | |
Most of the times | 53 (8) | |
Every time | 84 (13) | |
Condom use during sex outside home (n = 628) | Never | 85 (14) |
Sometimes | 141 (23) | |
Most of the times | 97 (15) | |
Every time | 305 (49) | |
I seek medical care whenever I am sick (n = 649) | Yes | 480 (74) |
No | 169 (26) |
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Moyo, D.; Kavenga, F.; Ncube, R.T.; Macheri, F.P.; Mando, T.C.; Moyo, F.; Muzvidziwa, O.; Ncube, M.; Masvingo, H.; Chigaraza, B.; et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners regarding Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Silicosis in Zimbabwe. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 7116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237116
Moyo D, Kavenga F, Ncube RT, Macheri FP, Mando TC, Moyo F, Muzvidziwa O, Ncube M, Masvingo H, Chigaraza B, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners regarding Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Silicosis in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(23):7116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237116
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoyo, Dingani, Fungai Kavenga, Ronald Thulani Ncube, Farai Peter Macheri, Tariro Christwish Mando, Florence Moyo, Orippa Muzvidziwa, Mpokiseng Ncube, Hellen Masvingo, Blessings Chigaraza, and et al. 2023. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners regarding Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Silicosis in Zimbabwe" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 23: 7116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237116