Self-Reported Household Waste Recycling and Segregation Practices among Families in Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Study Population and Sampling
2.3. Instrument
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. General Information about Waste Management: Households’ Variations Based on Their Gender on Waste Management
3.3. Awareness about Waste Segregation and Recycling
3.4. Awareness of the Households about Waste Segregation
3.5. Logistic Regression for Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Household as Predictor of Practicing Waste Segregation and Recycling at Source Adjusted by Level of Knowledge
3.6. Type of Waste Generated by Household
3.7. Association between the Types of Waste and Gender
3.8. Reasons for Not Recycling Waste at Source
3.9. Household Source of Information Related to Waste Segregation and Recycling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Count | % |
---|---|---|
Household occupation | ||
| 39 | 14.0 |
| 89 | 31.9 |
| 30 | 10.8 |
| 83 | 29.7 |
| 38 | 13.6 |
Household education level | ||
| 46 | 16.5 |
| 189 | 67.7 |
| 26 | 9.3 |
| 7 | 2.5 |
| 11 | 3.9 |
Household age group | ||
| 74 | 26.5 |
| 49 | 17.6 |
| 80 | 28.7 |
| 55 | 19.7 |
| 21 | 7.5 |
Homemaker education level | ||
| 105 | 37.6 |
| 97 | 34.8 |
| 18 | 6.5 |
| 6 | 2.2 |
| 53 | 19.0 |
Household monthly income | ||
| 21 | 7.5 |
| 26 | 9.3 |
| 64 | 22.9 |
| 27 | 9.7 |
| 141 | 50.5 |
Gender | ||
| 84 | 30.1 |
| 195 | 69.9 |
Family size | ||
| 144 | 51.6 |
| 135 | 48.4 |
Variables | Male | Female | x2 | Sign. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | ||||
1 | Waste considered as a problem in KSA (yes) | 64 | 27.2 | 171 | 72.8 | 5.85 | 0.014 |
2 | Size of waste problem in KSA (big problem) | 20 | 25.3 | 59 | 74.7 | 7.45 | 0.045 |
3 | Availability of waste collection services in the area (yes) | 69 | 27.5 | 182 | 72.5 | 8.14 | 0.005 |
4 | Frequency of waste collection in area (every day) | 61 | 26.2 | 172 | 73.8 | 10.51 | 0.015 |
5 | Existence of Act on waste in KSA (yes) | 18 | 21.7 | 65 | 78.3 | 3.98 | 0.030 |
6 | Waste management in Saudi Arabia needs more attention * (yes) | 80 | 31.9 | 171 | 68.1 | 3.70 | 0.038 |
SR | Awareness Questions/Waste Recycling | Agree | Disagree | Significance (p) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No./% | No./% | Gender | Age Group | Education | Family Size | ||
1 | Waste recycling is a shared responsibility among family members | 233 (83.5) | 46 (16.5) | 0.404 | 0.232 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
2 | Waste recycling saves money and energy | 234 (83.9) | 45 (16.1) | 0.001 | 0.103 | 0.004 | 0.006 |
3 | Waste recycling conserves the natural resources | 243 (87.1) | 36 (12.9) | 0.047 | 0.936 | 0.706 | 0.013 |
4 | Improper waste recycling is a threat to environment | 211 (75.6) | 68 (24.4) | 0.001 | 0.276 | 0.824 | 0.284 |
5 | There is need to legislate rule to encourage recycling at household level | 210 (75.3) | 69 (24.7) | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.305 | 0.733 |
6 | By reducing the waste, we decrease the need for more landfill | 228 (81.7) | 51 (18.3) | 0.092 | 0.063 | 0.105 | 0.318 |
7 | Recycling is the process of converting waste into new products | 242 (86.7) | 37 (13.3) | 0.228 | 0.61 | 0.7 | 0.009 |
Overall level of awareness | |||||||
| 170 109 | 60.9 39.1 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.049 | 0 |
SR | Awareness Questions/Waste Segregation | Agree | Disagree | Significance (p) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No./% | No./% | Gender | Age Group | Education | Family Size | ||
1 | Individuals and community have roles and responsibilities towards waste segregation | 247 (88.5) | 32 (11.5) | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.967 |
2 | Waste segregation at household level can facilitate its reuse and recycling | 244 (87.5) | 35 (12.5) | 0.209 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.648 |
3 | Segregation of household waste is time-consuming | 148 (53.0) | 131 (47.0) | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.293 |
4 | Waste segregation containers are available near my house | 55 (19.7) | 224 (80.3) | 0.498 | 0.006 | 0.597 | 0.015 |
5 | Effective segregation of waste means that less waste is deposited in landfill | 261 (93.5) | 18 (6.5) | 0.224 | 0.056 | 0.741 | 0.897 |
6 | Overall level of awareness | ||||||
| 196 83 | 70.3 29.7 | 0.001 | 0.024 | 0.011 | 0.288 |
Predictive Variables | Waste Recycling | Waste Segregation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Sig. | OR | 95.0% C.I. | B | Sig. | OR | 95.0% C.I. | |||
Age group | ||||||||||
18–27 years | R | |||||||||
28–37 years | 0.16 | 0.750 | 1.18 | 0.43 | 3.18 | 0.61 | 0.287 | 1.84 | 0.60 | 5.63 |
38–47 years | −1.63 | 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.53 | 0.88 | 0.112 | 2.42 | 0.81 | 7.21 |
48–57 years | −3.04 | 0.000 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.98 | 0.097 | 2.67 | 0.84 | 8.54 |
≥58 years | −2.91 | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.73 | 0.338 | 2.08 | 0.47 | 9.31 |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | R | |||||||||
Female | 1.62 | 0.000 | 5.04 | 2.27 | 11.17 | 1.30 | 0.004 | 2.35 | 1.65 | 2.79 |
Male household level of education | ||||||||||
High school or lower | R | |||||||||
University and postgraduate | 1.04 | 0.026 | 2.07 | 1.66 | 4.46 | 1.31 | 0.006 | 2.15 | 1.35 | 3.81 |
Diploma | 0.21 | 0.793 | 1.24 | 0.25 | 6.12 | 0.78 | 0.251 | 2.19 | 0.57 | 8.36 |
Residence | ||||||||||
Alhafuf | R | 0.556 | 0.073 | |||||||
Almobaraz | −0.06 | 0.876 | 0.95 | 0.47 | 1.89 | −0.33 | 0.329 | 0.72 | 0.37 | 1.40 |
Algorah | −0.50 | 0.296 | 0.61 | 0.24 | 1.54 | −1.14 | 0.023 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.86 |
Household occupation | ||||||||||
Non-governmental | R | 0.164 | 0.811 | |||||||
Governmental | −0.22 | 0.663 | 0.80 | 0.29 | 2.19 | 0.09 | 0.858 | 1.09 | 0.43 | 2.77 |
Self-employed | −0.70 | 0.281 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 1.77 | −0.41 | 0.510 | 0.66 | 0.19 | 2.26 |
Unemployed | 0.74 | 0.187 | 2.10 | 0.70 | 6.33 | −0.11 | 0.846 | 0.90 | 0.30 | 2.66 |
Retired | 0.20 | 0.773 | 1.22 | 0.31 | 4.81 | −0.50 | 0.435 | 0.60 | 0.17 | 2.14 |
Female household level of education | ||||||||||
High school or lower | R | |||||||||
University and postgraduate | −0.27 | 0.473 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 1.60 | 0.71 | 0.062 | 2.04 | 0.97 | 4.31 |
Diploma | 0.03 | 0.971 | 1.03 | 0.21 | 5.13 | −1.32 | 0.144 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 1.57 |
Illiterate | 0.82 | 0.092 | 2.28 | 0.87 | 5.92 | 0.43 | 0.351 | 1.54 | 0.62 | 3.82 |
Household Average monthly income | ||||||||||
SAR 4000–6000 | R | 0.703 | 0.569 | |||||||
SAR 6001–9000 | −0.02 | 0.983 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 4.71 | −0.28 | 0.704 | 0.76 | 0.18 | 3.19 |
SAR 9001–11,000 | 0.00 | 0.997 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 3.70 | −0.51 | 0.417 | 0.60 | 0.18 | 2.05 |
Less than SAR 4000 | −0.83 | 0.280 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 1.96 | −0.47 | 0.527 | 0.63 | 0.15 | 2.67 |
More than SAR 1001 | −0.33 | 0.592 | 0.72 | 0.21 | 2.43 | −0.86 | 0.140 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 1.33 |
Family size | ||||||||||
Six members or less | R | |||||||||
Seven members or more | −0.42 | 0.235 | 0.65 | 0.33 | 1.32 | −0.37 | 0.291 | 0.69 | 0.35 | 1.37 |
Waste management | ||||||||||
No | R | |||||||||
Yes | 0.13 | 0.774 | 1.14 | 0.47 | 2.79 | 0.14 | 0.761 | 1.15 | 0.48 | 2.74 |
Awareness Level | ||||||||||
Poor | R | |||||||||
Good | 1.01 | 0.014 | 2.75 | 1.23 | 6.16 | 1.05 | 0.002 | 2.85 | 1.45 | 5.62 |
Types of Waste | Gender | Total % | x2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||||
No. | % | No. | % | ||||
Battery and electronic waste | 6 | 2.15 | 5 | 1.79 | 3.9 | 3.25 | 0.075 |
Textiles | 4 | 1.43 | 20 | 7.17 | 8.6 | 2.54 | 0.099 |
Plastic | 48 | 17.20 | 79 | 28.32 | 45.5 | 6.55 | 0.008 |
Glass | 8 | 2.87 | 28 | 10.04 | 12.9 | 1.22 | 0.181 |
Paper | 9 | 3.23 | 34 | 12.19 | 15.4 | 7.35 | 0.010 |
Food waste | 6 | 2.15 | 22 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 11.14 | 0.020 |
Others | 3 | 1.08 | 7 | 2.50 | 3.6 | 0.099 | 0.648 |
Total | 84 | 30.11 | 195 | 69.89 | 100 | 12.8 | 0.046 |
Source | Gender | x2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||||
No. | % | No. | % | |||
Social media | 51 | 18.3 | 87 | 31.2 | 14.03 | 0.029 |
Brochures | 6 | 2.2 | 8 | 2.9 | 1.14 | 0.217 |
Relevant organizations | 4 | 1.4 | 6 | 2.2 | 0.56 | 0.348 |
Television | 5 | 1.8 | 40 | 14.3 | 9.20 | 0.001 |
Public meeting | 6 | 2.2 | 12 | 4.3 | 0.95 | 0.470 |
Religious | 5 | 1.8 | 18 | 6.5 | 0.84 | 0.255 |
Educational institutions | 7 | 2.5 | 24 | 8.6 | 0.94 | 0.226 |
Total | 84 | 30.1 | 195 | 69.9 | 14.02 | 0.029 |
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Elmosaad, Y.M.; Al Rajeh, A.M.; Llaguno, M.B.B.; Alqaimi, S.S.; Alsalman, A.M.; Alkishi, A.Y.; Hussain, H.; Alhoudaib, M.A.; Alnajim, O.S.; Belal, S. Self-Reported Household Waste Recycling and Segregation Practices among Families in Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031790
Elmosaad YM, Al Rajeh AM, Llaguno MBB, Alqaimi SS, Alsalman AM, Alkishi AY, Hussain H, Alhoudaib MA, Alnajim OS, Belal S. Self-Reported Household Waste Recycling and Segregation Practices among Families in Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031790
Chicago/Turabian StyleElmosaad, Yousif Mohammed, Ahmed M. Al Rajeh, Maria Blesilda B. Llaguno, Sami Saad Alqaimi, Ali Mohammed Alsalman, Ali Yousif Alkishi, Hassan Hussain, Mohammed Ahmed Alhoudaib, Othman Saad Alnajim, and Safia Belal. 2023. "Self-Reported Household Waste Recycling and Segregation Practices among Families in Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031790