Adolescent Victimization during COVID-19 Lockdowns and Its Influence on Mental Health Problems in Seven Countries: The Mediation Effect of Resilience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Adolescence and Mental Health Problems during the Pandemic
1.2. Victimization and Mental Health Problems during Adolescence
1.3. The Mediation Effect of Resilience
1.4. Present Study
- (1)
- To test the differences between the mean scores of victimizations and indicators of depression, stress, and anxiety (DASS) between seven countries during COVID-19 lockdowns.
- (2)
- To test a structural model that considers the relationship between victimization and indicators of depression, stress, and anxiety (DASS) through the mediation effect of resilience in seven countries during COVID-19 lockdowns.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability and CFA Analysis
3.2. Descriptive Analysis
3.3. Second-Order Invariance Analysis of DASS
3.4. Structural Equation Model Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO. World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-51. 2020. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331475 (accessed on 1 May 2020).
- Vos, L.M.W.; Habibović, M.; Nyklíček, I.; Smeets, T.; Mertens, G. Optimism, mindfulness, and resilience as potential protective factors for the mental health consequences of fear of the coronavirus. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 300, 113927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.K.; Smith, L.E.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. Rapid Review The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Harper, C.A.; Satchell, L.P.; Fido, D.; Latzman, R.D. Functional fear predicts public health compliancein the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020, 80, 102260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.; Zhao, N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 288, 112954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morin, C.M.; Bjorvatn, B.; Chung, F.; Holzinger, B.; Partinen, M.; Penzel, T.; Ivers, H.; Wing, Y.K.; Chan, N.Y.; Merikanto, I.; et al. Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international collaborative study. Sleep Med. 2021, 87, 38–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scarpelli, S.; Nadorff, M.R.; Bjorvatn, B.; Chung, F.; Dauvilliers, Y.; Espie, C.A.; Inoue, Y.; Matsui, K.; Merikanto, I.; Morin, C.; et al. Nightmares in people with COVID-19: Did coronavirus infect our dreams? Nat. Sci. Sleep 2022, 14, 93–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadler, K.; Vizard, T.; Ford, T.; Marchesell, F.; Pearce, N.; Mandalia, D. Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2017 [PAS]. NHS Digital. 2018. Available online: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2017/2017 (accessed on 2 September 2020).
- Jones, P. Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl. 2013, 54, s5–s10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bravo-Sanzana, M.; Oriol, X.; Miranda, R. Characterization of wellbeing and its relationship with exposure to violence in Mexican and Chilean early and late adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Indic. Res. 2022, 6, 695–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiguna, T.; Anindyajati, G.; Kaligis, F.; Ismail, R.I.; Minayati, K.; Hanafi, E.; Murtani, B.J.; Wigantara, N.A.; Putra, A.A.; Pradana, K. Brief research report on adolescent mental well-being and school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Phelps, C.; Sperry, L.L. Children and the COVID-19 pandemic. In Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy; Educational Publishing Foundation: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; Volume 12, pp. S73–S75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fraser, E. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Violence against Women And Girls. VAWG Helpdesk Research Report. 2020. Available online: https://www.sddirect.org.uk/media/1881/vawg-helpdesk-284-covid-19-and-vawg.pdf (accessed on 10 September 2020).
- Haahr-Pedersen, I.; Ershadi, A.E.; Hyland, P.; Hansen, M.; Perera, C.; Sheaf, G.; Bramsen, R.H.; Spitz, P.; Vallières, F. Polyvictimization and psychopathology among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Child Abus. Negl. 2020, 107, 104589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrzypiec, G.; Alinsug, E.; Nasiruddin, U.A.; Andreou, E.; Brighi, A.; Didaskalou, E.; Guarini, A.; Heiman, T.; Kang, W.; Kwon, S.; et al. Harmful peer aggression in four world regions: Relationship between aggressed and aggressor. J. Sch. Violence 2020, 20, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kessler, R.C.; Green, J.G.; Gruber, M.J.; Sampson, N.A.; Bromet, E.; Cuitan, M.; Furukawa, T.A.; Gureje, O.; Hinkov, H.; Hu, C.-Y.; et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2011, 20, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Webb Hooper, M.; Nápoles, A.M.; Pérez-Stable, E.J. COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities. JAMA 2020, 323, 2466–2467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereda, N.; Díaz-Faes, D.A. Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: A review of current perspectives and risk factors. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health 2020, 14, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shemesh, D.O.; Heiman, T. Resilience and self-concept as mediating factors in the relationship between bullying victimization and sense of well-being among adolescents. Int. J. Adolesc. Youth 2021, 26, 158–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. The Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s, and Adolescents’ Health (2016–30). 2013. Available online: https://www.who.int/life-course/partners/global-strategy/ewec-globalstrategyreport-200915.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 13 July 2020).
- Zhou, S.; Zhang, L.-G.; Wang, L.-L.; Guo, Z.-C.; Wang, J.-Q.; Chen, J.-C.; Liu, M.; Chen, X.; Chen, J.-X. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2020, 29, 749–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.; Zheng, D.; Liu, J.; Gong, Y.; Guan, Z.; Lou, D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 36–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamarit, A.; Barrera UDe Mónaco, E.; Schoeps, K.; Montoya-Castilla, I. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adolescents: Risk and protective factors of emotional symptoms. Rev. Psicol. Clínica Niños Adolesc. 2020, 7, 73–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gómez-Becerra, I.; Flujas, J.M.; Andrés, M.; Sánchez-López, P.; Fernández-Torres, M. Evolución del estado psicológico y el miedo en la infancia y adolescencia durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19. Rev. Psicol. Clínica Niños Adolesc. 2020, 7, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gómez-Gómez, M.; Gómez-Mir, P.; Valenzuela, B. Adolescencia y edad adulta emergente frente al COVID-19 en España y República Dominicana. Rev. Psicol. Clínica Niños Adolesc. 2020, 7, 35–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nearchou, F.; Flinn, C.; Niland, R.; Subramaniam, S.S.; Hennessy, E. Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williams, A.J.; Jones, C.; Arcelus, J.; Townsend, E.; Lazaridou, A.; Michail, M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm and suicide. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0245268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.H.; Beames, J.R.; Newby, J.M.; Maston, K.; Christensen, H.; Werner-Seidler, A. The impact of COVID-19 on the lives and mental health of Australian adolescents. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2021, 31, 1465–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramirez, S.; Aldunate, M.P.; Arriagada, C.; Bueno, M.; Cuevas, F.; González, X.; Araya, R.; Gaete, J. Brief research report: The association between educational experiences and Covid-19 pandemic-related variables, and mental health among children and adolescents. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nebhinani, N.; Jain, S. Adolescent mental health: Issues, challenges, and solutions. Ann. Indian Psychiatry 2019, 3, 4–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, M.M.; Karpaga, P.P.; Panigrahi, S.K.; Raj, U.; Pathak, V.K. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent health in India. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care 2020, 9, 5484–5489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hermosillo-de-la-Torre, A.E.; Arteaga-de-Luna, S.M.; Acevedo-Rojas, D.L.; Juárez-Loya, A.; Jiménez-Tapia, J.A.; Pedroza-Cabrera, F.J.; González-Forteza, C.; Cano, M.; Wagner, F.A. Psychosocial correlates of suicidal behavior among adolescents under confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Aguascalientes, Mexico: A cross-sectional population survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sikorska, I.; Lipp, N.; Wróbel, P.; Wyra, M. Adolescent mental health and activities in the period of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv. Psychiatry Neurol. Postępy Psychiatr. Neurol. 2021, 30, 79–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dovbysh, D.; Ermakova, M.; Kiseleva, M. Experiencing quarantine restrictions for adolescents with and without suicidal experience in Russia. Eur. Psychiatry 2021, 64, S587–S588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alonzo, D.; Popescu, M.; Zubaroglu-Ioannides, P. The current pandemic, a complex emergency? Mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on highly vulnerable communities in Guatemala. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2022, 68, 1382–1393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kola, L.; Kohrt, B.A.; Hanlon, C.; Naslund, J.A.; Sikander, S.; Balaji, M.; Benjet, C.; Cheung, E.Y.L.; Eaton, J.; Gonsalves, P.; et al. COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 2021, 8, 535–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pinto-Cortez, C.; Pereda, N.; Álvarez-Lister, M.S. Child victimization and poly-victimization in a community sample of adolescents in Northern Chile. J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma 2018, 27, 983–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guerra, C.; Pinto, C.; Hernández, V. Polivictimización y su relación con las conductas autoagresivas y con la depresión en adolescentes. Rev. Chil. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2019, 57, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Méndez-López, C.; Pereda, N.; Guilera, G. Lifetime poly-victimization and psychopathological symptoms in Mexican adolescents. Child Abus. Negl. 2021, 112, 104883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín-Babarro, J.; Toldos, M.P.; Paredes-Becerra, L.; Abregu-Crespo, R.; Fernández-Sánchez, J.; Díaz-Caneja, C.M. Association of different forms of child maltreatment with peer victimization in mexican children and adolescents. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 2508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riley, F.; Wright, M.; Bokszczanin, A.; Essau, C.A. Poly-victimization in polish adolescents: Risk factors and the moderating role of coping. J. Interpers. Violence 2017, 35, 1515–1538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Le MT, H.; Holton, S.; Romero, L.; Fisher, J. Polyvictimization among children and adolescents in low- and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abus. 2016, 19, 323–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, C.; Williams, K.R.; Guerra, N.G.; Kim, T.; Sadek, S. Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. Sch. Psychol. Q. 2010, 25, 65–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hawker, D.S.; Boulton, M.J. Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2000, 41, 441–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boserup, B.; McKenney, M.; Elkbuli, A. Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2020, 38, 2753–2755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradbury-Jones, C.; Isham, L. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J. Clin. Nurs. 2020, 29, 2047–2049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luthar, S.S.; Cicchetti, D.; Becker, B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 2000, 71, 543–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prince-Embury, S. Translating resilience theory for assessment and application with children, adolescents, and adults: Conceptual issues. In Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults; Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D., Eds.; The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Connor, K.M.; Davidson, J.R.T. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress. Anxiety 2003, 18, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, T.; Zhang, D.; Wang, J. A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2015, 76, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, J.; Delfabbro, P.H. Psychological resilience in disadvantaged youth: A critical overview. Aust. Psychol. 2004, 39, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wald, J.; Taylor, S.; Asmundson GJ, G.; Jang, K.L.; Stapleton, J. Literature Review of Concepts Final Report: Psychological Resilience; DRDC: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2006. Available online: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA472961.pdf (accessed on 30 August 2020).
- Arseneault, L. Annual research review: The persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: Implications for policy and practice. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2018, 59, 405–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Evans-Lacko, S.; Takizawa, R.; Brimblecombe, N.; King, D.; Knapp, M.; Maughan, B.; Arseneault, L. Childhood bullying victimization is associated with use of mental health services over five decades: A longitudinal nationally representative cohort study. Psychol. Med. 2017, 47, 127–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nurius, P.; LaValley, K.; Kim, M.-H. Victimization, poverty, and resilience resources: Stress process considerations for adolescent mental health. Sch. Ment. Health 2020, 12, 124–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oberle, E.; Guhn, M.; Gadermann, A.M.; Thomson, K.; Schonert-Reichl, K.A. Positive mental health and supportive school environments: A population-level longitudinal study of dispositional optimism and school relationships in early adolescence. Soc. Sci. Med. 2018, 214, 154–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Sang, Z.; Zhang, X.-C.; Margraf, J. The relationship between resilience and mental health in chinese college students: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 108. Available online: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00108 (accessed on 25 July 2020). [CrossRef]
- Vinayak, S.; Judge, J. Resilience and empathy as predictors of psychological wellbeing among adolescents. Int. J. Health Sci. Res. 2018, 8, 192–200. Available online: https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.8_Issue.4_April2018/IJHSR_Abstract.029.html (accessed on 18 October 2020).
- Fritz, J.; de Graaff, A.M.; Caisley, H.; van Harmelen, A.L.; Wilkinson, P.O. A systematic review of amenable resilience factors that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health in young people. Front. Psychiatry 2018, 9, 230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tol, W.A.; Song, S.; Jordans MJ, D. Annual Research Review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict--a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2013, 54, 445–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Z.-K.; Liu, Q.-Q.; Niu, G.-F.; Sun, X.-J.; Fan, C.-Y. Bullying victimization and depression in Chinese children: A moderated mediation model of resilience and mindfulness. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2017, 104, 137–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Overbeek, G.; Zeevalkink, H.; Vermulst, A.; Scholte RH, J. Peer victimization, self-esteem, and ego resilience types in adolescents: A prospective analysis of person-context interactions. Soc. Dev. 2010, 19, 270–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ran, H.; Cai, L.; He, X.; Jiang, L.; Wang, T.; Yang, R.; Xu, X.; Lu, J.; Xiao, Y. Resilience mediates the association between school bullying victimization and self-harm in Chinese adolescents. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 115–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duong, C.; Hurst, C.P. Reliability and validity of the Khmer version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Kh-CD-RISC10) in Cambodian adolescents. BMC Res. Notes 2016, 9, 297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Salvo, S.; Bravo-Sanzana, M.; Miranda-Vargas, H.; Forés, A.; Mieres-Chacaltana, M. Can the promotion of resilience in schools contribute to public health policy? Salud Pública Méx. 2017, 59, 214–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soper, D.S. A-Priori Sample Size Calculator for Structural Equation Models [Computer Software]. 2020. Available online: https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=89 (accessed on 1 June 2020).
- Skrzypiec, G.; School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, USA. Aggression and Victimisation Questionnaire. Unpublished. 2015.
- Lovibond, P.F.; Lovibond, S.H. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995, 33, 335–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell-Sills, L.; Stein, M.B. Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. J. Trauma. Stress 2007, 20, 1019–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roth, P. Missing data: A conceptual review for applied psychologists. Pers. Psychol. 1994, 47, 537–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nevitt, J.; Hancock, G.R. Evaluating small sample approaches for model test statistics in structural equation modeling. Multivar. Behav. Res. 2004, 39, 439–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bentler, P.M. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol. Bull. 1990, 107, 238–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kenny, D.A.; Kaniskan, B.; McCoach, D.B. The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociol. Methods Res. 2014, 44, 486–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDonald, R. Test Theory: A Unified Treatment, 1st ed.; Psychology Press: London, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.F.; Sousa, K.H.; West, S.G. Teacher’s corner: Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Struct. Equ. Model. 2005, 12, 471–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DiStefano, C.; Morgan, G.B. A comparison of diagonal weighted least squares robust estimation techniques for ordinal data. Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J. 2014, 21, 425–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coenders, G.; Casas, F.; Figuer, C.; González, M. Relationships between parents’ and children’s salient values for future and children’s overall life satisfaction. A comparison across countries. Soc. Indic. Res. 2005, 73, 141–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, G.W.; Rensvold, R.B. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct. Equ. Model. 2002, 9, 233–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olff, M.; Primasari, I.; Qing, Y.; Coimbra, B.M.; Hovnanyan, A.; Grace, E.; Williamson, R.E.; Hoeboer, C.M. Mental health responses to COVID-19 around the world. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2021, 12, 1929754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.X.; Chen, J. Scientific evidence on mental health in key regions under the COVID-19 pandemic—Meta-analytical evidence from Africa, Asia, China, Eastern Europe, Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Spain. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2021, 12, 2001192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yancy, C.W. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA 2020, 323, 1891–1892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dussort, M.N. India en el marco de la pandemia: Impactos a su status de potencia emergente. Temas Debates 2021, 40, 487–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avanesian, G.; Dikaya, L.; Bermous, A.; Kochkin, S.; Kirik, V.; Egorova, V.; Abkadyrova, I. Bullying in the Russian secondary school: Predictive analysis of victimization. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 2978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, A.; Borah, S.B. Covid-19 and domestic violence: An indirect path to social and economic crisis. J. Fam. Violence 2020, 37, 759–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cénat, J.M.; Dalexis, R.D. The complex trauma spectrum during the COVID-19 pandemic: A threat for children and adolescents’ physical and mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 293, 113473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Frequency | % | |
---|---|---|
Australia | 716 | 11.1 |
Chile | 2091 | 32.6 |
India | 795 | 12.4 |
Indonesia | 722 | 11.2 |
Mexico | 1186 | 18.5 |
Poland | 463 | 7.2 |
Russian Federation | 450 | 7.0 |
Country | Variable | α | ω | χ2 | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | Std Factor Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | Lockdown Victimization | 0.76 | 0.78 | 750.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 0.05 | [0.56–0.75] |
DASS-21 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 8808.51 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.06 | 0.08 | [0.42–0.97] | |
Resilience | 0.89 | 0.89 | 129.711 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.07 | [0.54–0.79] | |
Chile | Lockdown Victimization | 0.72 | 0.74 | 754.855 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.03 | [0.58–0.90] |
DASS-21 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1834.442 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.08 | [0.48–0.97] | |
Resilience | 0.89 | 0.89 | 273.28 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 0.06 | [0.53–0.76] | |
India | Lockdown Victimization | 0.69 | 0.71 | 33.33 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.05 | [0.76–0.96] |
DASS-21 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 621.447 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.05 | 0.08 | [0.43–0.96] | |
Resilience | 0.89 | 0.89 | 100.79 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.08 | [0.61–0.81] | |
Indonesia | Lockdown Victimization | 0.50 | 0.50 | 769.89 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.04 | [0.50–0.93] |
DASS-21 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 772.795 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.07 | [0.39–0.98] | |
Resilience | 0.83 | 0.83 | 221.07 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.10 | 0.09 | [0.35–0.75] | |
Mexico | Lockdown Victimization | 0.72 | 0.74 | 854.176 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.09 | 0.05 | [0.64–0.93] |
DASS-21 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 1139.768 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.08 | [0.44–1.00] | |
Resilience | 0.87 | 0.87 | 411.21 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.10 | 0.08 | [0.56–0.77] | |
Poland | Lockdown Victimization | 0.71 | 0.72 | 870.190 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.04 | [0.71–0.88] |
DASS-21 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 605.785 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.08 | [0.48–0.95] | |
Resilience | 0.88 | 0.89 | 78.95 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.05 | [0.38–0.78] | |
Russian Federation | Lockdown Victimization | 0.70 | 0.69 | 838.254 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.09 | 0.05 | [0.66–0.92] |
DASS-21 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 610.99 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.09 | [0.46–0.96] | |
Resilience | 0.84 | 0.84 | 84.60 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.08 | [0.43–0.77] |
Variable | Global | Australia | Chile | India | Indonesia | Mexico | Poland | Russia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | |
DASS | 65.57 (27.99) | 69.06 (28.72) | 72.08 (29.67) | 52.11 (24.65) | 54.86 (22.57) | 59.19 (23.47) | 67.62 (26.72) | 76.05 (27.26) |
Resilience | 34.36 (9.10) | 34.74 (8.28) | 34.52 (9.15) | 32.87 (11.44) | 34.23 (8.92) | 34.71 (8.93) | 34.72 (8.66) | 33.66 (7.91) |
Victimization | 0.66 (1.28) | 0.85 (1.50) | 0.53 (1.16) | 0.96 (1.50) | 0.49 (0.90) | 0.56 (1.21) | 0.67 (1.24) | 1.22 (1.52) |
Model | χ2 | df | Comparison | ∆χ2 | ∆df | CFI | ∆CFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M0 | 8744.377 | 1497 | 0.926 | 0.061 | ||||
M1 | 8816.551 | 1515 | M1-M0 | 72.174 | 18 | 0.928 | 0.002 | 0.061 |
M2 | 8842.194 | 1526 | M2-M1 | 25.643 | 11 | 0.925 | −0.003 | 0.068 |
M3 | 8918.956 | 1547 | M3-M2 | 76.762 | 21 | 0.917 | −0.008 | 0.073 |
M4 | 9003.546 | 1554 | M4-M3 | 84.59 | 7 | 0.914 | −0.003 | 0.074 |
M5 | 9064.875 | 1560 | M5-M4 | 61.329 | 6 | 0.903 | −0.011 | 0.080 |
M6 | 9076.485 | 1567 | M6-M5 | 11.61 | 7 | 0.893 | −0.011 | 0.082 |
Variable | Australia | Chile | India | Indonesia | Mexico | Poland | Russia | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victimization | -> | Resilience | −0.27 *** | −0.22 *** | −0.45 *** | −0.38 *** | −0.18 *** | −0.29 ** | −0.33 *** |
Resilience | -> | DASS21 | −0.35 *** | −0.40 *** | −0.09 | −0.28 *** | −0.18 *** | −0.26 *** | −0.32 *** |
Victimization + | -> | DASS21 | 0.45 *** | 0.44 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.54 *** |
Victimization ++ | -> | DASS21 | 0.53 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.44 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.55 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.64 *** |
CFI | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.9 | ||
TLI | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.91 | ||
RMSEA | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Models | χ2 | df | p-Value | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pooled sample | 35,576.45 | 3987 | <0.001 | 0.919 | 0.916 | 0.03 | |
Victimization + Resilience Multi-group country groups | Unconstrained | 12,623.53 | 4830 | <0.001 | 0.913 | 0.914 | 0.04 |
Victimization + Resilience Multi-group country groups | Constr. loadings | 18,272.75 | 5268 | <0.001 | 0.905 | 0.903 | 0.02 |
Victimization + Resilience Multi-group country groups | Ctr. load + intercept | 18,364.06 | 5304 | <0.001 | 0.887 | 0.893 | 0.02 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bravo-Sanzana, M.; Miranda, R.; Oriol, X. Adolescent Victimization during COVID-19 Lockdowns and Its Influence on Mental Health Problems in Seven Countries: The Mediation Effect of Resilience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031958
Bravo-Sanzana M, Miranda R, Oriol X. Adolescent Victimization during COVID-19 Lockdowns and Its Influence on Mental Health Problems in Seven Countries: The Mediation Effect of Resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031958
Chicago/Turabian StyleBravo-Sanzana, Mónica, Rafael Miranda, and Xavier Oriol. 2023. "Adolescent Victimization during COVID-19 Lockdowns and Its Influence on Mental Health Problems in Seven Countries: The Mediation Effect of Resilience" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031958